ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. IxXV 



these volcanic efforts were only local, belonging to the third class of 

 the movements enumerated above. Independently of such minor 

 movements, the next of which Wales and the adjoining English 

 counties afford distinct evidence were the great and general move- 

 ments which broke up the Coal-measures, and doubtlessly extended 

 far beyond the present boundaries of the coal-districts in every part 

 of the island. 



These movements took place during the Permian and Triassic 

 periods, but there is still great uncertainty as to their number and 

 respective epochs. In the North of England, the movement which 

 first broke up the Durham coal-field must have been anterior to the 

 lowest beds of the Permian group, for those beds have been observed 

 by Prof. Sedgwick reposing unconformably on the Coal-measures. In 

 Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, the Magnesian Limestone is con- 

 sidered to rest unconformably on the Coal. Again, on the southern 

 boundary of this Coal-field the coal-beds abut directly against beds of 

 the Triassic series, along a great transverse fault, and the Magnesian 

 Limestone on the east of the field dips eastward like the Coal-measures 

 themselves. These facts indicate at least two great movements, one 

 anterior to the Permian period, as in Durham, the other during the 

 Triassic period, and probably after the deposition of a large portion 

 of that formation, but making the beds affected by it dip in the same 

 easterly direction, and therefore with the same N. and S. strike as 

 that resulting from the former movement. Both movements according 

 to this view have the same characteristic direction. 



The district which lies on the eastern side of England and extends 

 from Northumberland to Derbyshire, presents to us in its pheenomena 

 of elevation a great character of continuity. It is bounded on the 

 north by a great fault, called the Tynedale fault, running E. and W. ; 

 on the south by similar E. and W. faults, the principal of which is 

 that above mentioned as separating the Coal-measures from the Trias ; 

 and on the west by the great Penine fault, running from the western 

 extremity of the Tynedale fault near Brampton, on the north, to 

 Kirby Lonsdale, where it joins the Craven fault running E. and W. ; 

 and further south we have the great disturbances of Ribblesdale and 

 Derbyshire. Without going into the details of structure, I will quote 

 Professor Phillips's conclusions respecting the movements in this 

 district, as given in his 'Geology of Yorkshire' (vol. ii. p. 122). I 

 can state also that he has had no reason since the publication of his 

 work to alter the views then expressed. 



"Upon the whole then," he says, "from general considerations 

 we find it probabl that the great north and south system of faults 

 from Brampton to Derbyshire, was occasioned before the production 

 of any beds connected vnth the New Red Sandstone : particular 

 examinations prove the northernmost (Tynedale) branch and the 

 southernmost (border of Derbyshire Coal-field) branch from this sy- 

 stem, both running eastward, to have been disturbed during the New 

 Red Sandstone period : there is no sufficient proof on the line of the 

 Cross Fell or Craven faults of their exact date : yet the general un- 

 conformity of the whole Red Sandstone system, the generally hori- 



