﻿40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Dec. 4, 



Avah, and other places ; the same barrenness and yellowish rusty co- 

 lour of surface, with the broken-up conglomerate scattered every- 

 where ; and here too I found some of the boulders composed of num- 

 mulitic limestone. 



The sections exhibited by the river show thick beds of yellow 

 marly clay, sandstone (calcareous), and conglomerate. The beds for 

 the first half-mile from the entrance to the Pass are nearly vertical ; 

 farther on they acquire a southerly dip, and at last become nearly 

 horizontal ; while farther on, near Rotas Fort, the dip is from 45° to 

 50° west. Near the Fort the clay beds become more developed, the 

 upper beds being often conglomerate with a calcareous cement, from 

 3 to 10 feet in thickness ; some of the boulders here are of nummu- 

 litic limestone. Beneath this, the clay beds and thin beds of sand- 

 stone alternate. Nodules of kunkur (travertine) are found in the clay. 

 1 found some broken pieces of fossil bone on the top of one of the 

 hills near the Fort. 



The same low hills and a similar formation are met with about a 

 mile north-west of Bukkur-Alla village with a varying dip ; at Udde- 

 rana, about the thirteenth mile, it is nearly horizontal, and again at 

 the village of Bukkur-Alla, dipping 35° to 45° west. The formation 

 at this place assumes all the characters common to the Sewalik moun- 

 tains at the base of the Himalayas, near Nahu. The upper bed 

 usually is a calcareous sandstone 3 to 6 feet in thickness, partially 

 covered by the remains of a calc-cemented conglomerate. Fossil bones 

 are found in considerable abundance both in the sandstone and con- 

 glomerate, but I believe chiefly from the latter ; they are found either 

 in the water-courses, or even on the tops of the hills, detached by the 

 action of the elements, or in situ. Beneath the sandstone there is a 

 bed of marly clay with kunkur (travertine) nodules ; in the lower 

 part of the sandstone, and also in the upper part of the clay bed, I 

 found numerous Helices (VitrincBl) and Pupce, their interiors being 

 filled with calc-spar. The bones I recognized belonged to the ele- 

 phant or mastodon (too heavy to carry away), some large Ruminants, 

 Saurians, and Chelonians. 



Passing on in the direction of Tumiak, and at about one mile from 

 Bukkur-Alla, the stratification becomes much confused ; the sections 

 exhibit deep-bedded, marly, yellow clays and conglomerate, possibly 

 pliocene. 



Hence to Bukkur-Alla Pass about five miles ; the clays here have 

 been denuded, and the beds which come to the surface are composed 

 of red shale and clay, usually thick-bedded, sandstone and conglome- 

 rate, with a dip of from 60° to 90° to the north-east. The beds of 

 red shale and clay being of a soft and incoherent nature, are easily 

 acted upon by the weather, and, owing to degradation, have left the 

 sandstone beds standing out like walls, with the upper margins in- 

 dented in a grotesque, and often castellated manner. These beds 

 are often of little thickness, and are occasionally surmounted by beds 

 of conglomerate. This formation I believe to be eocene ; it is found 

 under various circumstances as far as Jianee-Sung, near the base of 

 the Murgullee range of mountains, but always with considerable dip ; 



