1872.] DAWKINS — CLASSIFICATION OP PLEISTOCENE STEATA. 425 



bed in this country. It contains the Cervus carnutorum and Trogon- 

 therium Cuvieri, in association with the Pliocene Rhinoceros etruscus 

 and Elephas mendionalis, the two former of which are peculiar to 

 it and the forest-bed. Although, therefore, there is no trace that 

 any of the Northern Asiatic animals had yet arrived in Europe, the 

 group most probably belongs to the early Pleistocene, since it is 

 characterized by the presence of two non-Pliocene animals *. 



11. Pleistocene Fauna op Sotjxhern Euiiope. 



The fauna of Italy and Spain is remarkable for the absence of the 

 Arctic forms which were so abundant in Central France and Germany ; 

 and there is no doubt that the difference between the fauna of 

 the region north of the Alps and Pyrenees and that of the south 

 is due to a difference of latitude and to the fact that the climatal 

 change so marked in the north was hardly felt in the south. In 

 other words, the physical condition of Britain during the early stage 

 of the Pleistocene, and which did not recur again, was maintained 

 throughout the Pleistocene period in the districts above mentioned. 

 It is therefore no wonder that in the Pleistocenes of Italy we 

 find the Mammoth associated with Rhinoceros etruscus, R. mega- 

 rhinus, Elephas antiqims, and the Hippopotamus in the valley of the 

 Tiber, and in the Val di Chiana with the Urns, Bison, and Irish Elk, 

 just as in the Forest-bed of Norfolk f. But it does not follow from 

 this that the Italian deposits are synchronous with the Forest-bed ; 

 for it is almost certain that, while the arctic mammalia were 

 invading North-eastern Europe and had taken possession of Britain 

 and the north of France, the Pliocene fauna of the south was 

 scarcely affected ; and it is reasonable to suppose that, even while 

 the climate of Europe was lowered to the utmost in the Glacial'pe- 

 riod, the cold was not sufficient to allow of the invasion of the 

 southern latitudes by the Arctic group of mammalia. The same 

 observation applies also to Spain, in which M. Lartet has identified 

 the African Elephant and the Striped Hyaena, as well as palseo- 

 lithic implements, near Madrid. 



The explorations of Capt. Broome t in the caves of Gibraltar 

 prove that the Grizzly Bear, Spotted Hysena, Panther, Rhinoceros 

 hemitoechus. Ibex, and many other animals mentioned in the above 

 list lived in the Iberian peninsula during the Pleistocene age. In 

 both Italy and Spain at that time the facies of the animal life was 

 southern, and was not subject to those changes which are observable 

 in Britain and France. 



Fauna of Sicily, Malta, and Crete, 

 The investigations of Dr. Falconer § in the caves which occur in 



* Lartet, ' La Seine,' )Dar M. Belgrand, yoI. ii. p. 206. Geryais, ' Animaux 

 Tertebres vivants et fossiles,' 4to, 1867-69, p. 32. 



t Falconer, ' Pala'ont. Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 242. 



\ ' International Congress of Prehistoric Arcliseology,' Norwich, 1868, p. 106 ; 

 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxi. p. 364. 



§ Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol, xvi. p. 9.9 ; Paljeont. Memoirs, vol, ii, p. 545. 



