440 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, [June 5, 



Rhine, wliich must therefore have retreated at the time the remains 

 were accumulated by PalseoHthic man. Prof. Carl Yogt's observa- 

 tion that the same fauna and flora occupied Europe before, during, 

 and after the period of intense cold, seems to me to be arnply proved 

 by the discoveries at Diirnten, to which allusion has been made, and 

 many others. The Glacial period can therefore no longer be viewed 

 as a hard and fast barrier, separating one fauna from another, as 

 Sir C. Lyell has shown ; and the terms Preglacial, Glacial, and Post- 

 glacial cannot be considered of any value in the classification of 

 the mammalia. And although the earliest traces of man found in 

 the river-deposits of Great Britain can be proved from their position 

 to be of Post-boulder-clay age, the Brick-earth of Crayford excepted, 

 it by no means follows that those which have been furnished by the 

 caves of the south of England, or of the south of Prance, are also 

 of the same age ; and since the fauna amongst which he lived arrived 

 here before the intense arctic severity of the glacial maximum had 

 been reached in Britain, it is very probable that he came at the same 

 time. In other words, if man be treated merely as a Pleistocene 

 animal, there is every reason for the belief that he formed one of the 

 North-Asiatic group, which was certainly in possession of Northern 

 and Central Europe in Preglacial times. He occupied the area north 

 of the Alps and Pyrenees with the animals of that group, and dis- 

 appeared with them at the close of the Pleistocene period, and 

 therefore may fairly be assumed to have arrived in Europe in their 

 company. 



16. The Pleistocene Invading Foems. 



If the Pleistocene mammalia be compared with those of the Pli- 

 ocene strata of Auvergne, Montpellier, and the Val d'Arno, it will 

 be seen that the following animals were not known in Europe before 

 the Pleistocene age. 



Man. Panther. Musk-sheep. 



Musk-shrew. Felis caffer. Ibex. 



Pouched Marmot, Felis pardina. Chamois. 



Alpine Marmot. Seryal. Antilope saiga. 



Hamster. Cat. Irish Elk. 



Hare. Spotted Hysena. Reindeer. 



Alpine Hare. Brown Bear. Cervus Browni. 



Rabbit. Grizzly Bear. Stag. 



Lepus diluvianus. Cave-bear. Fallow Deer. 



Lemming. Machcsrodus latidens. Hoe. 



Beaver. Arctic Fox. Cervus verticornis. 



Irogontheriuin Cuvieri. Mammoth. C. Sedgwickii. 



Lion. Woolly Ehinoceros. C. carnutorum. 



The African Elephant and the Pentlands small Hippopotamus are 

 added by the caves of Sicily, and the pigmy Elephants and the 

 gigantic Dormouse by those of Malta. 



17. The Noeth-westekn Extension oe Europe. 



The Pleistocene mammalia may be divided into three groups — those 

 derived from Northern and Central Asia, those derived from Africa, 



