474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [June 19, 



wMcli may have been the result of local glaciers and those which, 

 from their position or other circumstances, must be memorials of the 

 great Ice-sheet at the period of its maximum development. 



I will then, secondly, give an account of other indications at the 

 surfaces of the rocks which seem to point to the movement of ice 

 over them. 



Thirdly, I will endeavour to show the inferences to be derived from 

 a study of the TiU in connexion with the other phenomena ; and 



Lastly, the general conclusions as to the Ice-sheet to be derived 

 from a study of this district, and the inferences which may be drawn 

 by correlating the observed phenomena of this district with those of 

 others surrounding it. 



I. ICE-SCRATCHES. 



The whole of the rocks of this country, wherever the Till or Lower 

 Boulder-Clay now exists, or may reasonably be supposed to have 

 not long been removed, show a moutonnee and usually striated sur- 

 face. Wherever the rocks have been hard enough to resist the 

 weather, or the overlying Till stiff enough to protect the scratches, 

 they still remain. There is hardly a quarry or rock-exposure in 

 the district where you have a hard line between the top of the 

 rock and the overlying Till where you may not find scratches. Of 

 course where you have soft shales or sandstones or rapid alternations 

 of hard and soft rocks under the Till, the two are much confused and 

 no such direct indications exist. 



It is only where subsequent rain or river denudation in the valleys 

 has removed the glacial surface of the ground, or high up on the Fells 

 where no stiff drift has remained to act as a shield, that you cannot 

 find moutonnee surfaces. Finding the ice-mouldings so general in 

 places suited for their preservation, it is almost impossible to avoid 

 the conclusion that the whole country has been at one time one vast 

 ice- covered roclie moutonnee. 



In placing upon the map (PL XXX.) the observations which have 

 been made on this subject, I have merely given the line of the 

 direction of the travelling mass, and not the quarter from which in 

 each case the ice may be supposed to have come. I have done this 

 because I have been afraid lest I should appear by any personal bias 

 to distort the facts and so affect the main question. I have preferred 

 to lay before the Society the scratches, which do not admit of con- 

 troversy, and leave them to be judges in each ease of the probable 

 direction in which the ice moved along those scratches. 



I need scarcely say that the sign employed on the map does not 

 indicate in each case the distance over which the scratches are seen, 

 but the centre of each sign is the point at which the observation has 

 been made. It must not be supposed that the absence of scratches 

 in three corners of the mass indicates their non-existence, but merely 

 that no observations have been made, those portions being beyond 

 my district. 



My thanks are due to my friend Mr. T. M'^K. Hughes for notice of 

 several scratches in the extreme north of the map, and also for some 



