BRYOZOA OF THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 17 



From the Cape Verde Islands there are two specimens, one of which is 

 11 cm. x 7 cm. They are solid, many-layered masses (up to 25 layers), rising 

 in places into large mammillated mounds. These specimens are white and 

 have been dead some time, as there are no opercula. Besides these there are 

 a few colonies growing on stone forming one or two layers. Lower than 

 the oral aperture, on one or both sides, there is a small avicularium with 

 acute mandibles, and there is sometimes a small central umbo. The frontal 

 surface is perforated, except just below the aperture, and there are large 

 vicarious avicularia scattered about. Above the oral aperture there is a 

 lined or crenulated ridge. The oral aperture has two denticles by the 

 proximal edge, as can be seen from above (fig. 11), or better from the interior 

 (fig. 12), and the operculum shows two hollows into which these denticles fit : 

 these are what Busk calls " foramina " in < 'ellaria, and I have shown * that 

 they are sockets into which the teeth fit. The operculum is drawn from a 

 specimen from Manaar, kindly given to me by Miss Thornely, and with 

 regard to the minute details of the aperture and the surrounding ridge, &c, 

 it corresponds in every detail with the specimens from Cape Verde, but does 

 not have more than two layers of zocecia in any part. 



The ovicell is very large, being about twice the size of that of Scldzoporella 

 unicornis, Johnst., with a pitted surface, and at the opening two denticles 

 directed distally, but I have not seen them nearly meeting, as figured by 

 Levinsen. The ovicell usually quite conceals the oral aperture, and it is 

 quite exceptional for any trace of the aperture to be seen, as already mentioned 

 by Levinsen. 



The large vicarious avicularia occur frequently in a large number of 

 species called Cellepora, and certainly most of the older writers would have 

 placed this, with its solid irregular growth, under Cellepora ; however, it has 

 long been recognized that many species known as Cellepora must be united 

 to Schizoporella. 



I have said f that the Cellepora spongites, Pall., was Schizoporella unicornis, 

 the form which I called errata, and this I consider to be the case, but 

 apparently, from the reference to previous figures, and from his description, 

 Pallas was considering three distinct species, namely Schizoporella unicornis, 

 and S. sanguinea, Norm., both from the Mediterranean, while the one he last 

 refers to from America is what Smitt placed as <S'. spongites, though where 

 only zoarial characters are referred to it is impossible to speak with absolute 

 certainty, as two species may correspond zoarially. The first two species are 

 now well known under other names and " spoi)gites ,} has been used by 

 several authorities, so that even if rules should suggest a new name it would 

 seem as if the plan adopted by Levinsen is the best — that is, to call it 

 S. spongites (Pallas), Smitt. 



* Keport of the Voyage of the 'Challenger,' vol. xxxi. pt. 79, p. L6. 

 t Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxxi. (1907) p. 145. 



LINN. JOURN. ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXXIV. 2 



