BRYOZOA OF THE CAl'E VERDE ISLANDS. 37 



L. (Radiopora) multistellata *, d'Orb., L. conjuncta t, Mich., L. cumulata %, 

 Mich., L. (Multitubigera) micropora §, Reuss, L. (Multitubigera) gregaria\\, 

 d'Orb., L. suecica *i, Hertnig. 



The early stage o£ Lichenopora is flabelliform and is like that of Tubidipora 

 (say, Jiabellaris, Fabr. ),bnt it soon completes the circle and then the flabelliform 

 growth can only be seen by examining the under side. Now clearly in a 

 colony of L. irregularis, L. meandrina, and L.pristis there is only one primary, 

 and the new subcolonies may be said to bud out from the older ones (see 

 figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and this requires further study with sections. It does not 

 seem strictly correct to speak of these as confluent, as is usually done. There 

 are also many cases of Lichenopora where the two colonial disks partially 

 coalesce : for instance, I have specimens of L. verrucaria where the touching 

 lamina of two disks form one growth, as well as some of the adjacent 

 zooecia uniting. In Lichenopora holetiformis**, d'Orb., we find the same thing, 

 and also one colony growing on the top of another, which also occurs in 

 many other cases — as, for example, Discosparsa marginata, d'Orb. Lichenopora 

 with nmltiserial rays was separated from Discocavea with uniserial rays, but 

 most recent workers have recognized that the difference of the rays cannot 

 be retained as a generic character, though usually useful specifically, while 

 some both of the confluent and simple species show that even specifically the 

 character may not always be of value. The type is Lichenopora turbinata ft, 

 Defrance, also photographed by Canu J J, which, although with but a small 

 attachment, has been considered by Pergens and Canu to belong to Lichenopora 

 as now generally understood. As described by d'Orbigny and by Canu 

 L. turbinata has cancelli. Lichenopora is not the only genus which forms 

 round disks, and there are a number with the zooecia radiating in bundles 

 without pores between the rays. Many of these have been called Defrancia, 

 others Actinopora, Apsendesia, Pelagia, &c. These Gregory §§ would place 

 partly in Lichenopora (having removed what has so long been considered 

 Lichenopora to Discocavea) and partly under Apsendesia, considering that 

 Pelagia clypeata, Lamx., was the same species as Apsendesia cristata, Lamx., 



* Pal. Fran?, pi. 649. figs. 5-7. 



t Michelin, Icon. Zooph. p. 277, pi. 03. fig-. 16 (1840-7). 



% Loc. cit. p. 319, pi. 77. fig. 1. 



§ Reuss, " Anth. & Bry. von Orosaro,'' Denk. Ak. Wien, vol. xxix. (1869) p. 259, pi. 36. 

 fig. 15. 



|| Loc. cit. pi. 752. figs. 9, 10. 



^ "Bry. Sver. Kritsystem," Lunds Univ. Arsskril't, vol. xxx. (1894) p. 35, pi. 2. 

 figs. 33-36. 



** Waters, " Cyclost. Bry. from Australia," Q. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. (1884) p. 695, 

 pi. 31. figs. 20, 21. 



tt Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xxvi. p. 257, pi. 4. figs. 4, 6 (1823). 



XX "Bry. des terr. Tertiaires," p. 138, pi. 17. figs. 13-15, in Ann. do Paleont. (1907). 



§§ " Cretaceous Bry.," Cat. Fossil Bry. in Brit. Mus. p. 247 (1909). 



