412 MR. A. W. WATERS ON THE RELATIONSHIPS 



off Cape York, Australia ; S. Pedro, 4 fail)., and S. Catalina, California 

 (Rob.) ; Oran (Algiers). 



Fossil. Miocene : Austria and Hungary (Manzoni) ; Pliocene : (/rag, 

 Italy, Spain, Rhodes, Monte Mario, Rome; Pleistocene: California (Hob.) ; 

 Quaternary: Italy; Tertiary: Bahia-Blanca, Argentine (Canu) ; Aldinga, 

 Australia. 



Cupularia Lowei, Busk. (PL 30. figs. 1-6, 26-29.) 



Cupularia lowei, Busk, B. M. Cat. p. 99, pi. 116. figs. 1-6(1854); Norman, "Poly. 

 Madeira," p. 290, pi. 37. tips. 7-12 (1909); Osburn, Bry. of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, 

 p. 104(1914). 



Canon Norman kindly gave me a few spirit specimens, from Madeira, and 

 of one I have prepared a most interesting whole stained decalcified pre- 

 paration. 



Looked at with the frontal membrane in focus, a number of small bundles 

 of muscles (PI. 30. fig. 1) are seen which pass from the membrane through 

 the frontal pores ; then focussing lower down, as if the membrane had been 

 removed, we see what must perhaps be called a semicircular opesium 

 through which the polypide protrudes (fig. 2). The zooecia are connected 

 by means of tubes in which there are septa or rosette-plates, where the 

 neighbouring tubes join. The zooecial chambers are seen as quite separate 

 sacs. 



Looking at the zoarium from below, the zooecial chambers are separated 

 by a considerable space, and to about the median line of the zooecial chamber 

 there is a row of muscles which pass from (he lower surface of the zooecial 

 chamber to the lower surface (fig- 3) of the zoarium. 



The muscle threads are usually single, though occasionally two or three 

 occur together, and there are here and there similar muscles to other 

 parts of the zooecial chamber. This hydrostatic system is different from 

 anything yet recorded, and having in the lower part of the zoarium this 

 muscular system and no basal chamber as in C. canariensis, Busk, it seems 

 questionable whether they can remain in the same genus. 



The calcareous dorsal surface, especially if rubbed down a little, shows 

 short grooves, with frequently a pore at the end (PI. 30. fig. 4). These of 

 course indicate where the row of bundles of muscle occur. The peripheral 

 zooecia on the dorsal surface have small granulations, but the older parts 

 have elongate slight protuberances. 



The dorsal pore and grooves occur very distinctly in Cupularia denticulata 

 fossil from Veletri, near Lorenzano, on the hills near Pisa, in my collection, 

 and less distinctly on fossils from San Gemignano, near Siena, as well as 

 from the Antwerp Crag (all collected by me). The same structure evidently 



