LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTBIES 767 



to take carbonate of lime in solution. This is taken- in solution 

 in the form of a bicarbonate which, when exposed to the air, is 

 very unstable, so that the lime is precipitated on the emergence 

 of the water as a spring. Temperature may also effect the result, 

 in that the lime carbonate is more insoluble as the temperature 

 of the water rises. This cause has been argued for by I. C. Rus- 

 sell 1 as explaining the formation of marl deposits in Michigan. 

 The marl, as it precipitates, settles not only on the bottom of the 

 pond, but also on the grasses around the edge. This method of 

 formation is observable in the kettle hole ponds in the terminal 

 moraine near Cortland, New York. The effect of certain plants 

 on the precipitation of carbonate of lime was referred to earlier 

 in the report. 



In this state the marl deposits are known to occur in the swampy 

 areas near Warner and Jordan, Onondaga co. ; in the valley from 

 Wayland to Perkinsville, Steuben co. ; Caledonia, Livingston 

 co.; northwest of Canastota, Oneida co. ; Cassadaga, Chautauqua 

 co.; Cortland, Cortland co. ; Clifton Springs, Ontario co. ; Claren- 

 don, Orleans co. ; Bergen, Genesee co. ; near Chittenango Falls, 

 Madison co., etc. The associations and extent of these deposits 

 vary, as does also the purity of the marl. In addition to these 

 localities Beck also states that marl occurs at the following ones: 

 2 miles southeast of Lodi on branch of Cattaraugus creek, Catta- 

 raugus co.; in Schuyler county, at Beaver Dams in town of 

 Dix, near Horseheads and near Millport, Chemung co. ; in Colum- 

 bia co., 4 miles north of Kinderhook; in Dutchess co., towns of 

 Rhinebeck, North East, Pine Plains, Stanford and Red Hook; 

 Montgomery co., near Canajoharie, Fort Plain and Fonda; Niag- 

 ara co., along Tonawanda creek, and in swamp 5 miles east of 

 Lockport; Otsego county, in southern part of Cherry Valley 

 township. Unless the area of marl is large, and this would be 

 indicated by the size of the swampy tract, which it underlies, it 



1 Bui. 10. Geol. soc. Am. 1899. 



