42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee county, 

 are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a considerable 

 proportion of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free 

 sulfuric acid. 



The Lebanon spring, Columbia county, is the single representative 

 in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a temperature of 

 75° F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and nitrogen. 



Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring waters 

 consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, noncarbonated 

 class, represented by such springs as the Great Bear, Deep Rock, 

 Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The waters are obtained 

 either from flowing springs or from artesian wells and are shipped 

 in carboys or in tank cars to the principal cities where they are bot- 

 tled and distributed by wagons among the consumers. The essen- 

 tial feature of such waters is their freedom from noxious impurities. 

 This is generally safeguarded by the care exercised in the handling 

 of the waters which are also regularly examined in the chemical and 

 bacteriological laboratories. 



Carbon dioxid. Besides the sale of mineral waters an extensive 

 industry has been developed in connection with carbon dioxid which 

 is given off as gas by some of the springs. The collection, storage 

 and shipment of the gas for use in making carbonated beverages 

 and for other uses has received attention at Saratoga Springs, where 

 the industry for some time attained even greater importance than 

 the trade in the mineral waters themselves. Over thirty wells have 

 been driven in that vicinity for gas alone. The carbon dioxid, to- 

 gether with the water, is pumped to the surface, separated from 

 the water at the well and then is conveyed to gas holders where it 

 is stored preparatory to charging into cylinders. The cylinders in 

 which it is shipped to consumers are made to withstand the heavy 

 pressure necessary to liquify the gas and are of two sizes, the 

 smaller holding about 25 pounds and the larger from 40 to 50 

 pounds. The principal producers have been the New York Carbonic 

 Acid Gas Co., the Lincoln Spring Co., and the National Carbonic 

 Gas Co. The gas is said to be superior to that produced by the cal- 

 cination of magnesite or other artificial methods. 



List of springs. The following list includes the names and locali- 

 ties of most of the springs in the State that are employed commer- 

 cially, as shown by a canvass of the industry : 



