102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
had a fort nine years before. Presumably this would be seen to the 
southeast, looking across the river from somewhere near Amster- 
dam. ‘This was east of Schoharie creek. By retiring to the other 
side of this and drawing their other villages to the south side 
of the Mohawk they were defended by two large streams, which 
was a very great advantage. 
Both field work and history testify to these frequent changes. 
The castles and villages shifted from side to side of the valley. 
They were south of the Mohawk at this time and for many years 
later. In 1677 all were on the north side. When the Mahikan 
war was over they lived less compactly and spread up and down 
the river. No attempt therefore will now be made to follow these 
changes though occasional allusions will be made. 
Dominie Johannes Megapolensis (1642-70) said that the Turtle 
tribe had “ made a fort of palisades, and they call their castle As- 
serue. Those of the Bear are next to these, and their castle is 
called Banagiro (Kanagiro). The last (the Wolf) are a progeny 
of these and their castle is called Thenondiogo.” In 1677 Went- 
worth Greenhalgh said they were all on the north side of the river 
and their villages were called Cahaniaga, Ganagora, Canajorha 
and Tionondogué. ‘The French knew these by several names. On 
Adrian Van der Donck’s map (1656) three castles appear on the 
south side of the river. The first is Carenay, the second Canagero, 
the third tlonnontego. Above the latter and north of the river 
is the word Sehanatisse and above the first appears Ounjune or 
Assereawe. The maps of 1614 and 1616 place them north of the 
river but they were on both sides at an early day. 
1 A cemetery two and one half miles west of St Johnsville. 
2 A modern village and cemetery a mile northwest of Palatine 
Church on the Nellis farm. 
3 A recent cemetery two and one half miles northwest of Nellis- 
ton and north of the river on the Smith farm formerly Lipe’s. 
Northeast were about 20 caches and 50 rods north a village of two 
acres with recent relics. This is east of Palatine Church. 
4 A fine and elevated village site east of Garoga creek over- 
looking Wagner’s hollow. It is about five miles northwest of 
