REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I909 3I 



cavity, if this be necessary, and spinning its rather firm, whitish 

 cocoon. A large percentage, over 90 in some instances [Hurst 

 '09], desert the fruit while it is still on the tree and crawl down 

 the limbs and trunk. Gillette ['00] has shown that there may 

 be some movement or migration of the larvae in the spring prior 

 to the transformations to the adult. 



Second generation. The early larvae, at least of the first 

 brood, completing their growth from the middle to the latter 

 part of July, transform, shortly after spinning up, to pupae and 

 produce moths which, in New York State, appear late in July or 

 during August. The second brood larvae are nuich more likely 

 to enter the fruit at the side than is the case with the first gener- 

 ation. Very frequently a portion of a leaf attached to the side 

 of the apple, is utilized as a point of entry or the apposed sur- 

 faces of two apples hanging side by side may be similarly em- 

 ployed. The evidence at hand shows there is only a partial sec- 

 ond brood in New Hampshire, a partial to a full second brood 

 in New York State, while in the southwest there are those who 

 claim a partial third brood. 



Natural enemies. The codling moth, despite its destructive- 

 ness, is subject to attack by a number of natural enemies, some 

 of which are exceedingly efficient. Those examining trunks of 

 apple trees in the spring, very frequently come across the 

 characteristic cocoons of this insect, manv of them with an 

 irregular, jagged hole showing where a bird had extracted the 

 inhabitant. The destruction of 87^ [Sanderson '08] of such 

 cocoons is striking testimony to the efficiency of these forms. 

 The downy woodpecker and the nuthatchers are among the most 

 beneficial. It is probable that all woodpeckers frequenting 

 orchards feed on codling moth larvae. Other birds known to do so, 

 in addition to the above named, are the black-capped titmice, 

 wrens, bluebirds, crows, blackbirds, king birds, swallows, spar- 

 rows, chickadees and jays. A bat has been observed in Cali- 

 fornia diligently capturing moths. 



There are a number of predaceous and parasitic insects known 

 to prey upon this fruit pest. The larvae of the soldier beetles, 

 C h a u 1 i o g n a t h u s p e n n s y 1 v a n i c u s and C. m a r - 

 g i n a t u s attack the apple worm. The 2-lined soldier beetle, 

 Telephorus bilineatus, an ally of the preceding and 

 likewise common, has similar habits in its larval staee. Two 

 other related forms, Trogosita corticalis and T . 1 a t i - 



