foster: Integration in Sctenee. 213 
tendency which led a man to study plants, led him also to study 
animals, and it was at least the case that the man who busied 
himself abo the one could readily hold converse upon their 
circumstances over which he has no control to listen to a com- 
munication from his eminent brother in zoology or botany, he is, 
as in the rarest instance, fain to say, ‘It is all Greek to 
This mutual unintelligibility may in part be due to the 
piste use of technical terms. Every year, almost every 
day, our language is, shall I say enriched or burdened? with 
ear, made of bits of each stuck together ; ; and the meaning 
of these new words becomes known only to those who 
make frequent use of them. But the real discordance goes far 
deeper than this. New terms are forced even upon those most 
unwilling to use them by the necessity of expressing new ideas ; 
for each new idea must have its new sign, otherwise confusion 
also comes, though in a different way from that on which we 
are dwelling. The botanist and the zoologist fail to understand 
each other, not because they use different terms for the same 
idea, but because each one is gaining new ideas unknown to the 
other, and is doing that more and more as each science 
progresses. | 
: Moreover, even within each of these two great divisions 
of botany and zoology, further sub-division has split up, an 
is unceasingly splitting up, the followers of biology into camps, 
each camp speaking its own tongue and understanding that 
alone. Both these branches of biology have, in this process of 
differentiation, followed lines of development more or less 
parallel, and the changes which have taken place in the one 
are analogous to those which have taken place in the other ; 
what can be said of the one can also be largely said of the other. 
If we take zoology in its wide sense, as the study of animals, 
we find that it naturally divides itself into three lines of investi- 
gation. 
In the case of any animal we want to know its form and 
structure, of what parts it is made up, and how it is put 
together; we thus enter upon the study of anatomy or 
morphology. We also want to know how it lives, how it gets 
along, how it does what it does, and are thus led to the study 
ie of physiology. We further want to know how far it is like or 
July 1899. 
