214 Foster: Integration tn Sctence. 
unlike to other animals, what are its relations, its affinities to 
other animals, and are thus brought to the study of taxonomy — 
or of zoology in the narrower sense in which that word is 
sometimes used. 
In the old time the student was in respect to anatomy 
content with a knowledge of the outward form and of such of 
the grosser details of structure as could be learnt by simple 
dissection, aided at most by nothing more than a simple lens. 
This gave him all which he at that time wanted for the determi- 
nation of the relation of this or that animal to other animals for 
fixing its position in the animal world; it also supplied him 
with all the data which he supposed he needed for solving the 
problem as to how the animal performed this or that act. The 
same student was at once anatomist, zoologist, and physiologist. 
m 
oO 
explained his physiology, and his zoology was the outcome of 
the two. He readily passed from the one to the other, and was 
equally or nearly so at home in all three. 
Nowadays we have changed all this. 
The anatomist has pushed his analysis of animal structure to 
no longer be even largely carried on ‘in the field’; the animal 
can no longer be anatomised on the spot where it is found, or in a 
natural condition; it has to be treated in special ways by special 
methods ; the examination has to be conducted in a laboratory 
fitted up with special means. 
He replaces the normal hues furnished by the red blood and 
by natural pigments with the stains of artificial dyes, purpling ~ 
with gold, blackening with silver, and ransacking the colour — 
shops to gain some new differential tint. He dips, and soaks, — 
and washes, and soaks again, now in this fluid and now in that, 
having built up for him an art far exceeding in intricacy that — 
of any fuller. He disintegrates with solvents, he hardens with 
corrosives, he supports the frail fragments of the tissues in beds 
of cunningly-contrived material, now hard as rock, now melting — 
into fluidity, and calling in to his aid intricate instruments of 
precision which will cut with an accuracy defined by a small 
fraction of a millimetre, he prepares for study by displaying 
what was once an animal in the form of a riband, of a series of 
many hundred slices, each of vanishing thinness, and tinted 
with the somes of the rainbow. 
praca 
Naturalist, 
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