Foster: Integration in Science. 215 
One result is, that his conclusions can rarely be criticised or 
even appreciated and understood save by those who have passed 
through a training in his elaborate technique. 
Moreover, the progress of his study has carried him on to 
problems essentially his own. He has left far behind the 
position in which he was content with physiological explanations, 
in which the question why a part or an organ had a certain form 
or structure, seemed to be answered by the fact of its being 
put to such and such a use. The anatomist now explains the 
phenomena of animal form and structure by referring them to 
what he calls morphological laws, laws deduced from the obser- 
vation of a multitude of facts in different animals and in the 
Same animal at different periods of its growth. In the deter- 
mination of these morphological laws physiology appears to 
take no part, and the anatomist as morphologist becomes or 
seems to become more and more estranged from the physiologist. 
Further, as the anatomist stretches forth his hand to lay 
hold of laws more and more general, of laws holding good over 
a larger and larger part of the animal kingdom, the little 
differences between this and that animal seem to him to be 
less and less worthy of his attention. The morphological 
comparison of extinct with living forms, of embryonic with 
adult forms, lead him, it is true, to construct phylogenies 
which, in his view, correctly define the relations and affinities 
of animals; and so far he still has to do with zoology, that 
is, with taxonomy. But in these phylogenic speculations he 
deals with the larger groups of animals only; he rarely, if 
ever, touches, still less weighs, the importance of those 
likenesses or unlikenesses, which are all in all to what we may 
call the zoologist proper who is busied with such small things 
as genera and species, and even worries himself about mere 
varieties. Thus the anatomist gets farther and farther apart 
from the zoologist, each of them less and less able to under- 
stand and appreciate the other. 
In like manner the phyiologist who, in times of old, looked 
mainly to the facts of anatomy to help him in the solution of the 
problems how and why such and such action took place in the 
living body, has by the progress of his science been led to seek 
the solution of the new problems opening up before him, not so 
much in visible features of structure, whether large and seen by 
the eye, or minute and revealed only by the microscope, as in the 
hidden properties of matter common to non-living and living 
things, properties which men call einen and chemical. He, too, 
July 1899. ; 
