42 : BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
of the forest, and in the more open places within it, avevectent 
shrubs are abundant. The commoner ones are Smilax hispida, 
Menispermum canadense, Crataegus Crus-galli, Crataegus sp., 
Evonymus atropurpureus, Celastrus scandens, Psedera quinquefolia, 
Vitis vulpina, Zanthoxylum americanum, Sambucus canadensis, and 
Viburnum prunifolium. Where the forest is too dense to permit 
the growth of blue grass, many of the original herbaceous species 
still persist. Among them the following were listed: Dzoscorea 
villosa, Parietaria pennsylvanica, Polygonum virginianum, Phyto- 
lacca decandra, Silene stellata, Anemone virginiana, Aquilegia 
canadensis, Heuchera hispida, Agrimonia mollis, Rosa setigera, 
Lespedeza frutescens, Amphicarpa monoica, Polygala Senega vat. 
latifolia, Viola sp., Sanicula canadensis, Seymeria macrophylla, 
Triosteum perfoliatum, Campanula americana, Helianthus strumosus, 
Verbesina helianthoides, Aster Drummondii, Lactuca villosa. 
In the northernmost part of the grove the four trees of the 
southern end still persist, but are much less abundant than other 
species. Quercus macrocarpa, Juglans nigra, Celtis occidentalis, 
and Ulmus fulva are common; Gleditsia triacanthos grows 60-80 
feet high; there are a few trees of Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, 
and Populus grandidentata, and, most notable from an ecological 
viewpoint, Quercus rubra and Tilia americana appear. At the 
northeast corner of the grove Quercus rubra is the dominant species, 
with the largest living trees about three feet in diameter. In this 
part of the grove there is a conspicuous deposit of leaf mold on the 
ground, and the forest cover produces a denser shade. As a 
result, the herbaceous vegetation is decidedly mesophytic and 
includes many species which are typically members of the climax 
forest association. Among these are Arisaema triphyllum, Allium 
tricoccum, Trillium recurvatum, Smilax ecirrhata, Pilea pumila, 
Ranunculus abortivus, Podophyllum peltatum, Impatiens pallida, 
I. biflora, Circaea lutetiana, Cryptotaenia canadensis, Phlox divari- 
cata, Pentstemon laevigatus var. Digitalis, Phryma Leptostachya, 
Galium concinnum, and Eupatorium urticaefolium. Avevectent 
shrubs are not so common as in the middle portion of the forest, 
and blue grass grows only in partial clearings. 
Direct observation shows at once that the forest is always con- 
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