184 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [FEBRUARY 
conclusions, yet his paper demonstrates one of the many possibilities in this 
branch . cecidol 
- mong the more : bortant taxonomic papers is LEEUWEN-REIJNVAAN’S® 
fifth ieee on the galls of Java. They describe 49 different galls, 21 
of which are figured. These galls are grouped with reference to the plants 
on which they occur, and are assigned to genera but not given specific names. 
MassAtonco’ describes 8 new species of galls, 7 of which are due to insects 
and 1 to fungi.—MeEt T. Cook 
Sand dune and subalpine vegetation in New Zealand.—With a sand 
dune area of some 300,000 acres, the question of its reclamation becomes one of 
national importance in New Zealand, especially since through their advance 
the dunes ruin much valuable land. In a previous paper by CocKAYNE, reviewed 
in this journal,’ the ecological problems of these areas were discussed, and the 
influence of pasturing, tree cutting, and burning was noted as increasing the 
movement of the dunes to a marked degree. In a more recent publication, * 
the same investigator has restated many of his former conclusions, and in 
addition has discussed the best methods for reclaiming actively moving dunes, 
for protecting farm lands and other valuable areas from the encroaching sand, 
and for preventing the rejuvenescence of fixed dunes. The efficiency of mar- 
ram grass (Ammophila arenaria) as a sand holder is emphasized, while the tree 
lupin (Lupinus arboreus) is found to be an excellent shrub to reinforce the grass 
and to act as a pioneer in the process of reforestation, which is recognized as 
r 
Zealand Government seems likely to result from these recommendations. 
CockaYnE and his associates have also been making a preliminary ecologi- 
cal survey of a mountainous area in the Southern Alps region of New Zealand’ 
The highest peak here is Mt. Arrowsmith, 9171 ft., and it is surrounded by 
others of somewhat less altitude. Glaciers occur rather plentifully, and the 
region gives evidence of much more extensive ice sheets in the past. Two 
climatic regions are here closely adjacent, due to differences in rainfall depend- 
5 LEEUWEN oe J. und W. Docrers vAN, Einige Gallen aus Java. V. 
Marcellia 10:65-91. 191t. 
6 MASSALONGO, es Zoocecidii e fitocecidii rare o nuovi. Marcellia 10:94-97- 
IQIt. 
7 Bor. Gaz. 50:478. 1910. 
YNE, L., Report on the dune areas of New Zealand, their geology, botany, 
and reclamation. Department of Lands. 4to. pp. 76. pls. 72. 1911. Wellington: 
John Mackay, Government Printer. 
9 Spercut, R., Cockayne, L., and Larnc, R. M., The Mount Arrowsmith dis- 
trict; a study in physiography and plant ecology. Trans. N.Z. Institute 433157 
378. Igit. 
