1915] BURLINGAME—ARAUCARIANS gt 
wood of,all conifers except the Araucarineae. It has since been 
used by this school as the sine qua non in distinguishing fossil 
araucarian woods from those of abietinean affinities (9, 24, 25,57). 
An early application (1906) of these principles was made by 
JerFREY and Hottiick (32). Certain of the remains studied 
consisted of cone scales that had previously been referred to plants 
of such diverse relationships as Dammara, fossil genera belonging 
to Cupressineae and Taxodineae, and even to Eucalyptus. These 
scales have three basally attached and inverted seeds on their 
adaxial surface. There are longitudinal resinous lines on their 
surface. The internal structure, particularly the arrangement 
of the vascular supply, is very like that of Agathis. For these 
reasons they have called the plant Protodammara. 
Closely associated with the scales were branches of Brachyphyl- 
lum. The authors think it probable that the branches and cone 
scales belong to the same plant. The branches were sectioned and 
referred to the Araucarineae on the ground that of the three groups 
(Cupressineae, Sequoiineae, and Araucarineae) which they exter- 
nally resemble, only the last agrees with them in the possession of 
a double leaf trace, insoluble resins accompanied by mucilage, and 
flattened bordered pits which may rarely be alternate and biseriate. 
Moreover, these branches lack the alternating bands of hard bast 
in the phloem characteristic of all the living members of the first 
two groups. 
The wood fragments were of two kinds. One of them agrees 
with the Brachyphyllum branches in lacking resinous tracheids and 
in forming traumatic resin canals. This wood is believed by the 
authors to be the wood of Brachyphyllum. The other wood has 
resin tracheids and does not form traumatic resin canals. The 
inference from these facts is that araucarians, as represented by 
Brachyphyllum, have come from ancestors with resin canals. 
In the same year (1906) JEFFREY and CHRYSLER (33) described 
certain cretaceous Pityoxyla from the same source as the Brachy- 
phyllum. These Pityoxyla appear very probably to be the wood 
of cretaceous pines, since they are very closely associated with 
typical cone scales and leaf fascicles of this genus. These pines 
appear to have combined the characters of hard and soft pines. 
