238 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
up of ro other species. The comparatively small number of lianas, the paucity 
of floral display, the slow rate of growth, and the absence of plank buttresses 
and cauliflora, all show rather unexpected variations from the rain-forests of 
other lands. Epiphytes are abundant, however, but limited to comparatively 
few species of bromeliads and orchids, a profusion of the Hymenophyllaceae, 
and a great bulk of mosses and hepatics. 
The richer forests of the windward ravines show a distinct stratification 
of vegetation, passing from the more or less continuous canopy of large trees, 
through under-trees and shrubs, to the herbaceous carpet, the lower levels being 
festooned with mosses (species of Phyllogonium and Meteorium), while the 
larger limbs and leaning trunks are crowded with orchids and ferns. Among 
the notable genera, represented by several species each, are tree ferns (Cyathea) 
found among the under-trees, Piper occurring among the shrubs, and the 
changes that are more accentuated upon the ridges, where a low ope opy 
naga bogs thickets of ferns and of climbing bamboo (Chusquea abietifolia) 
are C The distinct type of forest occupying the various habitats are all 
neta aecaned and SHREVE concludes that by no possible physiographic 
change could any one of these habitats occupy all or nearly all the region; 
hence there is no means to fix on any one of the types as the climax of the region. 
e great uniformity of temperature, with no pronounced dry season, 
affords excellent opportunities for studying the seasonal behavior of the various 
species. It is quite interesting, therefore, to note that although the months 
and Viburnum, allied to north temperate forms, shed all or a part of their leaves, 
is 
tive lack of sunlight. Other trees, while evergreen, flower in the spring and 
complete their growth by October; but in still others, growth and leaf forma- 
tion is continuous, but flowering periodical, while not a few show continuous 
growth and blooming. Among the large trees belonging to the last category 
are Ilex montana and Solanum punctulatum, while under-trees and shrubs 
ercus ro 
Styraciflua becoming evergreen, while Li isdenaron Tulipifera and Taxodium 
aan retain their deciduous habits. 
Rates of relative transpiration in the rain-forest and in the desert of 
Paani are found to be of the same order of magnitude, that is, they are 
proportional to evaporation, but in its own climate the desert plant loses far 
more water per unit area than the plant of the rain-forest. The foliage of the 
rain-forest, however, shows great diversity of structure, corresponding to 
the different strata of vegetation, from sclerophyllous leaves of the trees, the 
