30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



alumina, the maximiini is 80 in the same sample as tlie maximum 

 bicarbonate. 



It may be remarked that in the later development of the springs, 

 deep-drilled holes are increasingly abundant and are cased with 

 iron pipe. A small trace of iron might thus be contributed, as we 

 are in any event dealing with quantities extremely small. 



Iron in any form is not specially welcome to the purveyors of 

 table waters, because, on standing, it separates as the hydrated 

 ferric oxid and imparts a brown cloudiness to the water. This can 

 be prevented by the slight addition of some harmless acid, such as 

 citric, which keeps the iron in solution. 



Manganese is an element so closely akin to iron that it may be 

 mentioned here. It is not reported in any of the older analyses nor 

 in the Chandler series, nor in the ones by other chemists recorded 

 by A. C. Peale in Bulletin 32 of the United States Geological Sur- 

 vey. In the Department of Agriculture series it is but once men- 

 tioned as a trace. ^ Two analyses are quoted in '' Our County and 

 its People,'^ page 401, of the Putnam spring. 8.23 parts per mil- 

 lion (.484 grains per gallon), Lincoln spring 1.72 parts (.101 

 grains per gallon), but the analysts are not given. 



Obviously the amount is very small and practically negligible as a 

 factor in the general total. 



The haloid elements bromin and iodin were very early dis- 

 covered. Both are almost always mentioned in the older series of 

 analyses. The bromin was usually assigned to potassium and 

 expressed as potassium bromid. While ordinarily a mere trace, 

 when combined with sodium iodid the sum for the Congress spring 

 in one case was 100.6 parts in a million (5.92 grains in a gallon). 

 Sodium iodid ranges from 30 to 60 parts per million with a maxi- 

 mum reported for the Empire spring by E. Emmons of 204 (12 

 grains per gallon). 



In the Chandler analyses the bromin and iodin when recast were 

 both assigned to sodium, all the potassium being given as chlorid 

 or sulphate. The maximum elementary bromin is 112.9 parts per 

 million (6.64 grains per gallon) equivalent to 145.5 parts of sodium 

 bromid (8.56 grains per gallon) in the Congress spring. The mini- 

 mum is 1.82 (.107 grains per gallon), corresponding to 4.52 (.266 

 grains) sodium bromid in the Empire. The maximum elementary 



1 In the analysis of the Seltzer water, page 92, Bulletin Bureau of 

 Chemistry, no. 91, it is calculated as Mn„0^. J.z, although not mentioned 

 in the elementary analysis which has the same total. 



