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BOTANICAL GAZETTE 



kept in mind; manuscripts should not merely be typewritten (never 

 carbon copies), but they should be double spaced and have liberal 

 margins. 



Preparation of illustrations 



Illustrations in research papers are often disappointing because the 

 author has failed to recognize difficulties which confront the engraver. 

 The following suggestions have been prepared as a general answer to 

 inquiries, and also in the hope that they may enable contributors to 

 secure more effective reproductions of their drawings and photographs. 

 Ten years ago, nearly all illustrations were in the form of plates, but in 

 recent years the text cut has gained in favor, especially in journals 

 printed upon paper suited to the reproduction of photographs and black- 

 and-white drawings. Whether illustrations are to be text cuts or plates, 

 it is recommended that the copy be about twice as large as the desired 

 reproduction. In the case of text cuts, the available space is 4! inches 

 in width, and, including the legend, 6£ inches in length. The size recom- 

 mended for plates is 5X7^ inches, exclusive of the space used by the 

 publisher for the volume number, plate number, and title. These pro- 

 portions should be maintained, whatever the reduction may be. If the 

 illustrations are to be reduced one-half, the copy for text cuts may be 

 S\ inches in width, with a maximum length of 13 inches, and plates 

 should be 10X15 inches. 



If the separate features of an illustration are to be grouped in a text 

 cut, or are to be arranged in a plate, do this work yourself. Paste the 

 separate figures on a stiff, white cardboard, and paste in the proper places 

 the numbers and any explanatory letters. Suitable numbers and letters 

 for various reductions can be furnished by this office. 



The following modes of reproduction have been used by the Botani- 

 cal Gazette: zinc etching, photolithograph, lithograph, heliotype, and 

 half-tone. Of these, only the zinc etching and the half-tone are available 

 for text figures. 



Zinc etching— -This type is recommended for graphs, line drawings, 

 and all other black-and-white drawings which do not have extremely line 

 lines or extremely small dots. For the copy, use smooth, perfectly white 

 paper, preferably Bristol board, and dead black, indelible ink. Lines 

 or dots made after the pen is nearly dry, so that they appear gray in the 

 copy, are sure to disappoint the author. A good example of line draw- 

 ing, reproduced by zinc etching, at a reduction of one-half, may be found 

 in Bot. Gaz. 42:412. 1906. For an example combining lines and dots, 

 see 56: 15. 19 1.3 ; for a graph, see 54: 425. 19 12; for a plate, see 35 : P L 7- 



