508 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 
ATaAt¢a hia 1 1s 
1 studies are those on Cycadofilicales, 
Bennettitales, Coniferales, etc. In the first group he described an inter- 
esting new genus Mittagia (resembling Lagenostoma), characterized by 
megasporangia not solitary but in sori, and also by the presence of 
4 functional megaspores in each megasporangium. 
The author’s studies on the fossil floras of Normandy are of impor- 
tance. In dealing with fossil conifers he did not make the mistake of 
certain German and English anatomists, in regarding rays as of para- 
mount diagnostic significance. A supposed palm leaf Propalmophyllum 
Uasanum, described by our author from the Lias, is according to ZEILLER 
of very problematical value. From the same geological level LIGNIER 
described remains of Cordaitales and Calamodendreae, a much later 
occurrence of these ancient types than has hitherto been recorded. 
Important anatomical results reached by the author independently 
of, but in conformity with, workers on this side of the Atlantic were 
the conclusion that the herbaceous is derived from the woody type of 
stem, and that leaves are of great importance in the evolutionary history 
of plants. He divided vascular plants on the basis of the morphology of 
the leaf into Phylloideae and Phyllineae. The Phylloideae represent 
the Lycopsida, with the Equisetales and Sphenophyllales left out. The 
Phyllineae correspond to the Pteropsida, with the Equisetales and 
Sphenophyllales added (under the caption of Articulatae). Scott has — 
further added to the latter the Psilotaceae and erected them into the 
phylum Sphenopsida. 
LiGNtieR’s activities were so numerous and important that it is 
impossible to do justice to them here. Botanical evolution has suffered 
a great loss in his death.—E. C. Jerrrey, Harvard University. 
