BRITISH OAKS ST 
outer surface. The leaf-petioles are very long; and the lobes of 
the leaf, in some forms, are so much out of general leaf-plane as 
to give the leaf a very wavy margin. The fruit is usually sessile 
or subsessile ; but, as in Q. sessiliflora, peduncled forms occur. 
The tree is not opleivened for timber; and in England, even in 
the saath, it is very rare as a planted tree in parklands. There 
not from a planted tree is not stated. The aie is said to 
hybridize with both Q. sesszlzflora and Q. Robur 
V. QuERcUS CERRIS. 
Qu vERCUS Crerris L. Sp. Pl. 997 (1753). 
Q. echinata Salish. Prodr. 393 (1796). 
The Turkey Oak, native in Central and South pei and in 
the Orient, is frequently planted in this country, usually as an 
ornamental tree in parklands, but occasionally in ses Rarely, 
as in the west of Cambridgeshire, it produces ripe seeds, and 
seedlings spring up spontaneously in great abundance. It is, 
therefore, from the standpoint of the British Flora, to. be 
regarded as : naturalized alien. Such plants are loosely termed 
€ semeagel ym writers of county and local floras; but 
Watson, who defined the standard terms used to designate the 
rank or e citisenchep of British plants, serene the term ‘“denizen”’ 
or a species which, whilst “ maintaining its habitats as a native 
species, without the direct aid of man,” is only “ — to some 
suspicion of having been originally introduced by human agency.’ 
On the other hand, a species which is “certainly or very vy penta 
J 
5 
Be 
sense; and, as it springs up inary Sa 6 from self-sown seed, it 
is a naturalend alien. A be met with in all stages of 
development in semi- sistarat Tian: a ag ob statement of its 
chief characters is given. 
he cupule genre long filamentous scales, which give to 
= fruit the so-called “mossy” appearance. The acorns, te 
or oF ORE may always be found on a fertile tree. e leaves are. 
very dark green in colour, and have generally narrow and acute 
lobes. Multiple hairs are conspicuous: the petioles are long; and 
the buds, apie = terminal ones, have long sanyo. 
outer scales. In this country, the tree thrives on n dry sand 
but the timber is of little alue. Q. mrklss is said to hybriaiag 
with Q. sessiliflora and with Q. lanugino. 
So far as I am aware, no Oak other sea the foregoing are ever 
met with in the woods of this country. Q. Ilex, the Evergreen 
Oak, is frequently planted in parklands and ornamental grounds 
in in the south of So aes and Mr. Druce includes this species in 
his very catholic li 
Of the three aka? lanuginosa, Q. ke hg and Se coated 
—united by De Candolle into one ee likely 
