PALEONTOLOGIC CONTRIBUTIONS 115 



H. buffaloensis O'Connell rr 

 Hormotoma gregaria Ruedemann c 

 Orthoceras vicinus Ruedemann rr 

 Phragmoceras accola Ruedemann r 



Miss O'Connell {op. cit./ip. 100) has inferred from the thin tests 

 of the Hercynellas and their association with the eurypterids, 

 ceratiocarids and the " plant " Buthotrephis lesquer- 

 euxi, that these Hercynellas were not marine animals. The 

 Buthotrephis has been proved in this paper to be a good sessile 

 graptolite of the genus Inocaulis. It occurs in the waterlime in 

 splendidly preserved colonial stocks, which can not have drifted 

 any distance. The Lingulas and Hormotomas occur in certain 

 layers in such immense quantities that they are certainly in their 

 proper surroundings where found. The Diaphorostomas, Her- 

 cynellas and specimens of Orthoceras are very rare and therefore 

 noncommittal, while of Phragmoceras accola we have 

 before us a dozen specimens in various growth-stages suggesting 

 that this cephalopod may well have found the conditions in the 

 Bertie lagoons as congenial as the brachiopods and the eurypterids. 

 At any rate there is not in the whole assemblage of the Bertie 

 waterlime a single genus that could be considered as indicative of 

 a freshwater fauna, and all these marine forms are found on the 

 same slabs with the eurypterids, so that an alternation of marine 

 and freshwater conditions can not be assumed either. 



In the Pittsford formation there occur both in shale and water- 

 lime, specimens of a Lingula and of a Pterinea in great abundance, 

 together with a Leperditia and very rare specimens of cephalopods. 

 In the eastern extension of the Pittsford shale Eusarcus 

 vaningeni is found on slabs densely crowded with Lingulas 

 and Orbiculoideas. None of these could be possibly considered as 

 indicative of freshwater conditions. There is hence not a trace of 

 freshwater life in the Silurian eurypterid beds and since the 

 eurypterids themselves are the prevailing element of these faunas, 

 it is clearly a dangerous begging of the question to make them 

 either freshwater animals that were drifted into the marine 

 assemblage, or have the latter with its countless specimens con- 

 veniently drift into the. freshwater with the waiting eurypterids. 

 As in the Normanskill and especially in the Schenectady beds, and 

 also in the Silurian waterlime, both the eurypterids and the other 

 marine forms are found associated again and again throughout a 

 great thickness of beds ; they clearly belong together as members of 

 one fauna, and this fauna was marine. 



