162 MEAN METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS AT TORONTO DURING 1854. [1855. 



The deviations at particular times from the normal march of September and October, the velocity was in excess of the 



the temperature, as given by Col. Sabine from 12 years' ob- average, and in November and December particularly so. 



servations, have been extremely numerous and excessive, there m i ,i, o ■ « „ ^ , „_„„., , • i • 



1 • 1 .^1, I,' ■ ,. 1 ii, i i 1 ii, -liie depth oi rain fallen has been 2r/6 inches, which is 



being no less than 4b instances where the temperature, at the o ku ■ i, i ^i. ,-l ^ t "."-"<^'r ' ''"- ^ 



x. c i^ i- J • i J ^ ii, 1 V ii. ^'Oo inches less than the averasie : and if to this we add 4-95 



hour of observation, deviated from the normal by more than • v j- ^, ^ i. • '^ • " " '^'J '"'" "^,, ^. ,_ " 



. , J i> ii. ii i. 1 T, !on\ ■ incnes tor the amount of rain equivalent to the fall of 49-5 



twenty degrees; of these the greatest number (39) were in • , „ , , , , ' p o.,\i • i Jim i_- ^ 



J f y ? ' 1 • 1 • T 1 n I rm, inches of snow, we have a total of •32-71 inches. The chief 



defect, and occurred mainly in January and December. The j c • ■ ^^. jy-it r ■ i /. ^''^"c.^- -^"^ 



most extreme were at 10 p.m, Deeember 19th, 3P-G below, ^<^fi«fcy in the fall of ram occurred from August to Decem- 



and at 2 P.M., August 24th, 25.°-7 above. ^^'"' tl'f earlier part of the year having been in excess. As 



' ° ' usual, the greatest depth fell in September, and the least m 



Among periods of days remarkable for continued deviation, December The fall of rain was distributed over 114 days, 



are the following : — and that of snow over 52, so that there have been 199 per- 



From January 23d to 25th, inclusive, mean deviation — 16°-7 fectly fair days, on which neither rain nor snow fell. Of these 



February 2d to 6th — 15°-4 August enjoyed the most (26) and February the least (8). 



March 13th to 16th +}l°'] The whole period of time during which rain was falling is 



o " ? A° }'<. if o 1"-^ ^^^y^' ^^^ snow, 8-4; so that, though the fall of rain and 



September 5th to 6th +16 -2 g^ow was distributed over 166 days, the total duration of the 



December 4th to 8th — 13°-5 fail only amounts to 25-8 days. 



„ 18thto22d — 20°-6 ^ ■' . ^ 



Frost occurred in every month except June, July, and 



On the whole, the year presents a remarkable instance of August, the latest in Spring being on May 22d, and the 



conformity with Ool. Sabine's law of " permanence in the earliest in Autumn on September 21st. The last snow of 



mean annual temperature, combined with great variability dur- Spring was on April 29th, and the first of Autumn on October 



ing the year. 16th. Toronto-bay was clear of ice on April 8th, and frozen 



By an inspection of the thermic anomalies, it will be seen over on December 2d; being crossed on foot on the morning 



that only one month (July) has been above the temperature of the 8th, this being unusually early. Only a few days 



due to it from geographical position, all the rest being more or about 26th October gave ill-defined indications of the Indian 



less below. summer. 



Arranging the year into the ordinary seasons, we find their The number of thunder-storms during the year has been 



mean temperatures to be — 58, more numerous than usual. Of these none occurred in 



Winter (1853-54) Spring. Summer, Autumn. January and February, one in March; the number increasing 



23°-3 — 41°-3 - 68°-2 - 49°-l up to 16 in July, and then again descending to none in 



Difference ~) December. The most violent occurred on April 25th and 26th, 



from aver- V — 1°-6 - -fO°-4 - -f3°-2 - -|-2°-4 May 17th and 20th, July 4th and 8th, from 19th to 22d, 



ages of 14 yrs 3 ' August 13th, and September 6th. That of July 4th was a 



The summer is the hottest recorded, and the autumn is only '=°J"P'f '^ }'Z'''T' \ ""'""^ ^°'" '°°'' ™'™*'' '""'^'"^ ^ 



exceeded by that of 1846. velocity of 60 miles per hour. 



The thermic anomalies for the respective seasons are- J*"""- \Yj''''' ^^''t^f! ^'"' ^^^ nights the state of 



.. Tion a • oooo n which would have permitted Aurora to DC seen it it existed. 



_oo®7 ' ^"°° ' Summer -f 0°-9 ; Autumn On 55 of them Aurora was actually observed. Only two dis- 



'• _ plays of the first magnitude occurred, on March 27th and 



These anomalies, however, ought each to be increased by April 10th, both accompanied by great magnetic disturbance, 



about one degree, to reduce them to the sea-level, and the On July 10th and September 10th perfect Auroral arches were 



summer will thus have been about 2° hotter, the remaining formed, but without active features, 

 seasons still considerably colder than their geographical position 

 requires ; the year thus partly confirming, partly being an ex- 



ception to Dove's conclusion that " the summers of North Education in Scotland.— From a parliamentary paper recently 



America are not warmer than is due to their latitude, while issued, it appears that there are in Scotland 4,984 schools, -whereof 



the winters are much colder. l,138are burgh or parochial schools, 2,104 endowed (other than burgh 



The mean humidity of the year is -79, having attained a or parochial) schools, 1,567 adventure schools, and 175 charity schools. 



maximum in February and a minimum in July. Complete The burgh or parochial schools have 1,342 teachers, and educate 85,190 



saturation has only occurred four times — on January 12th, scholars, of whom 10,257 are educated gi-atuitously ; the endowed 



at 2 P.M. ; February 13th, at 8 a.m. ; March 2d, midnight; schools, with 3,265 teachers, educate 175,031 scholars (20,362 gratu- 



Maroh 3d, at 6 a.m. The lowest humidity (-27) occurred on itously) ; and the adventure schools, with 2,150 teachers, educate 87,660 



August 7th, at ^ p.m. scholars, of whom 2,178 are gratuitously educated; and the charity 



The extent of clouded sky on the average of the whole schools, with 284 teachers, educate 16,600, all gratuitously, with the 



year is •59, so that nearly three-fifths of the sky has been exception of about 300 children, who make some slight payment. The 



overcast on the mean of the whole. The clouds were least total number of teachers is 7,041 ; of scholars, 364,481 ; and of gratu- 



prevalent in July, most in December ; and no less than seven itously educated children, 49,100. The total salaries and incomes of 



months have been on the average more than half overcast. these schools amount to 271,641^. 13s. 2d., of which burgh or parochial 



The mean direction of the wind was from N. 42° W., with schoolshave 78, 382Z. 3s. 6rf.; the endowed, other than burgh or parochial 



a mean velocity of 6-02 miles per hour, making the most schools, 117,844/. 15s. 2d.; the adventure schools, 64,62U. Is. Sd.; 



windy year of the series of 8 years. In all the months except and the charity schools, 10,793/. 13s. 



