THE TOROWEAP AND THE GRAND CANON. 
From Kanab to Pipe Spring — Crossing the desert — The Permian Cliff's — Desert vegetation — The "Wild 
Band water-pockets — Scenery upon the desert platform. — Distant views of the terrace cliffs and the 
volcanoes of the Uinkaret — The Wonsits Valley — Basaltic lavas and cinder cones of the Uinkaret — 
The head of the Toroweap Valley — Descent of the valley — Distant view of the canon wall — 
The Witches’ water-pocket. — The walls of the Toroweap, with their pinnacles, amphitheaters, 
and alcoves — The Toroweap fault — Lava cascades descending from the Uinkaret — Gigantic archi- 
tecture — The opening of the valley into the main chasm — The great esplanade — The inner gorge — 
Divisions of the Carboniferous system exposed in the chasm — Grandeur of the scenery and system- 
atic character of the profiles — Vulcan’s Throne — Views up and down the main chasm — The view 
up the Toroweap — The fault and its visible details — Age of the dislocation — View of the basaltic 
cones of the Uinkaret and of the lava cascades — View across the gorge — Ruined crater on the 
brink — Dykes in the canon wall — Recency of the excavation of the inner gorge and the rapidity of 
its excavation — Descent of the inner chasm wall to the river — View of the canon below — Great eor- 
rasive power of the river — Significance of the Toroweap Valley — It is the vestige of ancient drain- 
age — The excavation of the chasm is the work performed under an arid climate — The age of the 
entire chasm is comparatively recent with a probable beginning near the close of the Miocene. 
The present chapter will contain an account of a journey from the vil- 
lage Kanab to the Toroweap Valley, and a description of the middle portion 
of the Grand Canon. Kanab is the usual rallying place and base of opera- 
tions of the survey in these parts, being located on the only living stream 
between the Virgen and the Faria. 
The first stage of the journey from Kanab to Pipe Spring is an easy 
one. It leads southwestward to a gap cut through the low Permian terrace 
and out into the open desert beyond. The road, well traveled and easy, 
then turns westward and at length reaches the spring twenty miles from 
Kanab Pipe Spring is situated at the foot of the southernmost promon- 
tory of the Vermilion Cliffs, and is famous throughout southern Utah as a 
watering place. Its flow is copious and its water is the purest and best 
throughout that desolate region. Ten years ago the desert spaces out- 
spreading to the southward were covered with abundant grasses, affording 
