PART III. 
RELATIONSHIP OF THE TRILOBITES TO OTHER ARTHROPODA. 
It can not be said that the new discoveries of appendagiferous trilobites have added 
greatly to previous knowledge of the systematic position of the group. Probably none will 
now deny that trilobites are Crustacea, and more primitive and generalized than any other 
group in that class. The chief interest at present lies in their relation to the most nearly 
allied groups, and to the crustacean ancestor. 
Trilobites have been most often compared with Branchiopoda, Isopoda, and Merostom- 
ata, the present concensus of opinion inclining toward the notostracan branchiopods (Apod- 
idae in particular) as the most closely allied forms. It seems hardly worth while to burden 
these pages with a history of opinion on this subject, since it was not until the appendages 
were fully made out, from 1881 to 1895, that zoologists and palaeontologists were in a 
position to give an intelligent judgment. The present status is due chiefly to Bernard (1894), 
Beecher (1897, 1900, et seq.), and Walcott (1912, et seq.). 
The chief primitive characteristics of trilobites are : direct development from a pro- 
taspis common to the subclass; variability in the number of segments, position of the mouth, 
and type of eyes; and serially similar biramous appendages. 
The recent study has modified the last statement slightly, since it appears that in some 
trilobites there was a modification of the appendages about the mouth, suggesting the initia- 
tion of a set of tagmata. 
In comparing the trilobites with other Crustacea, the condition of the appendages must 
be especially borne in mind, for while these organs are those most intimately in contact with 
the environment, and most subject to modification and change, yet they have proved of 
greatest service in classification. 
Appendages have been found on trilobites from only the Middle Cambrian and Middle 
and Upper Ordovician, but as the Ordovician was the time of maximum development of the 
group, it is probable that trilobites of later ages would show degradational rather than pro- 
gressive changes. All the genera which are known show appendages of the same plan, and 
although new discoveries will doubtless reveal many modifications of that plan, general infer- 
ences may be drawn now with some assurance. 
The chief characteristics of the appendages are: first, simple antennules, a primitive fea- 
ture in all Crustacea, as shown by ontogeny ; second, paired biramous appendages, similar to 
each other all along the body, the youngest and simplest in front of the anal segment, the 
oldest and most modified on the cephalon. The endobases are retained on all the coxopo- 
dites, except possibly, in some species, the anterior ones, and these gnathobases are modi- 
fied in some genera as mouth-parts, while in others they are similar throughout the series. 
With these few fundamentals in mind, other Crustacea may be examined for likenesses. The 
differences are obvious. 
Crustacea. 
branchiopoda. 
The early idea that the trilobites were closely related to the Branchiopoda was rejuve- 
nated by the work of Bernard on the Apodidaj (1892) and has since received the support 
