76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



both by modeling and by impressed designs. Modeled ornamenta- 

 tion seems late and the result of external influence. (See plates 



14, 15.) 



In shape, the Algonkian pipe takes several forms: (i) the long, 

 straight, conical tube with the bowl but slightly expanded, decorated 

 and undecorated; (2) the bent tube, with the bowl having a slight 

 upward turn; (3) the flat or thin beveled stem having a bowl at a 

 slight angle, imitating stone forms; (4) the bowl at nearly right 

 angles, the stem either round or slightly flattened, the whole 

 resembling a bent human arm, the stem being the arm to the wrist 

 and the bowl a portion of the upper arm. The elbow bend and 

 the tip are copied in most instances. The real prototype may have 

 been a bark tube or cornucopia with one end bent slightly upward 

 for the bowl and the longer portion flattened out as a stem that 

 could be conveniently held in the mouth. A little experimentation 

 with a piece of birch bark will demonstrate the possibility of this. 



Copper implements. Articles of native copper are sometimes 

 found on Algonkian sites ; indeed, wherever polished slates are found 

 copper objects may be expected. These include spearheads and 

 arrowheads, gouges, chisels and adzes, small hatchets, mattocks, awls, 

 fishhooks and bead ear ornaments. Copper articles are among the 

 rarest of New York specimens. Most have been found on the 

 surface but a number have been taken from mounds and from 

 graves. Not all are Algonkian by any means ; indeed it is doubtful 

 if the New York Algonkins ever made copper implements. Those 

 that they had were probably acquired from extralimital sources 

 through trade or otherwise. They are probably of mound culture 

 origin, the material coming either from Virginia or from the Lake 

 Superior region. No native copper implements are tempered, the 

 hardness that they do possess being due to the hammering and 

 annealing process. 



Bone and antler implements. Algonkian bone implements in New 

 York may be considered relatively numerous and some sites. 

 especially on the coast, along the St Lawrence and about Oneida 

 lake, have yielded several thousand good specimens and many more 

 fragments. These articles include awls, beads, blades, harpoon heads, 

 tubes, perforated teeth, arrowheads, antler punches, needles, shuttles, 

 turtle shell cups, etc. Articles of walrus ivory are sometimes found 

 along the St Lawrence and pieces of cut whalebone have been found 

 on Long island. 



Village sites and fortifications. Coastal Algonkian sites cover 

 fairly large areas and are characterized by more or less extensive 



