THE ARCHEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK II5 



Pipes of stone sometimes have stems carved with the bowl, but 

 these form the minority in collections. Some resemble the outlines 

 of simple clay pipes, others do not. 



Some bowls are oval, some are vase or urn-shaped. ]\lore elabor- 

 ate forms resemble bird bodies, as the owl, or represent a lizard or 

 other creature crawling over an oval or bowl. None of the Iro- 

 quios stone pipes are tubular and none have the monitor base. 

 Common in the mound-builder region. Many are so unlike their 

 clay pipes that they bear no suggestion of having been made 

 by the same people. The outline, decoration, modeling and size 

 differ, even though found in the same grave or village site with clay 

 pipes. Stone pipes of all the forms mentioned are found in pre- 

 historic Iroquoian sites as well as those of the late colonial period so 

 that their form and use may be regarded as stable and widely known. 



Bone implements. Among the most common bone articles are 

 bone awls and awl forms and cylindrical bone heads. The latter are 

 usually made of hollow bird bones and many are beautifully pol- 

 ished. There were bone needles and shuttles. Bone phlanges, cut 

 or ground on one side, or shaped as cone-pendants, are found in 

 abundance. The canine teeth or tusks of bears and wolves per- 

 forated for suspension seem to have been favorite decorations, and 

 the much prized elk tooth is found. Bear teeth were ground sharp 

 for kniv'es or scrapers, and beaver teeth were shaped for scrapers. 

 The molars of the bear were ground down and with one root cut 

 off, were shaped like a human foot. Perforated disks cut from the 

 human skull were also used, but aside from this human bones were 

 seldom employed. 



In certain early sites, as on the Reed farm, near Richmond Mills, 

 bone scrapers or beaming tools are found made from metapodial 

 bones of deer or elk. These are similar in every way to those found 

 in certain Ohio sites not Iroquoian. 



Bone implements are commonh' found in Iroquoian village sites, 

 especially in ash and refuse heaps or pits. The ashes seem to have 

 acted as a special preservative. 



Miscellaneous bone objects. Among the more striking imple- 

 ments of bone are bone combs, the earlier forms resembling a 

 modern fork and having only three or four large teeth, perhaps one- 

 sixteenth of an inch in diameter or more. The tops are usuallv 

 plain, although in a few instances there is a simple perforation. As 

 the colonial period is approached the combs become wider and have 



