336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Perhaps the stone celts found in considerable numbers on both 

 sites were sometimes used as weapons, but their shape and small 

 size leads me to doubt their efficiency as battle axes. 



Under cutting implements we may enumerate first, as most abund- 

 ant, the knives or chisels made of split incisor teeth of the beaver, 

 ground down to a narrow cutting edge ; then came leaf-shaped 

 knives of flint, the regular Iroquois type. It should be mentioned 

 here that flint or even chipped implements of any sort are very rare 

 on the Iroquois sites of Jefferson county. 



Bear teeth ground off longitudinally or diagonally on one side 

 may have also served as knives, a type of implement peculiar to the 

 region. There was also a knifelike blade of bone with a long stem 

 bearing many notches, apparently for the attachment of a handle, 

 but whether this dull-edged implement could have been really used 

 as a knife is difficult to say. 



Piercing implements, especially awls of bone, were abundant. 

 These were of all grades of make and finish, from a mere unworked 

 bone splinter showing signs of use to a beautifully rounded and 

 polished slender awl nearly 12 inches long. Some showed signs of 

 decoration composed of straight lines and notches, as shown by 

 certain Loveland specimens. One awl was discovered encircled by 

 a bone bead ; another was double pointed, while a number had been 

 used and resharpened so often that they were reduced to merc stubs. 



Bone needles were of the flat, slightly curved type, made of parts 

 of deer ribs or sometimes of bird bones. 



A stone nodule pointed at one end seems also to have been used 

 as a perforator. 



The stone celts found were usually small, but were probably hafted 

 as axes or adzes, for chopping (with the aid of fire) and a piece of a 

 true adz was found, also of stone. Some slightly chipped cobbles 

 may have been used as hand axes or choppers. 



Pounding, pecking and crushing were represented by disk ham- 

 merstones, some with finger pits, by shallow mortars or metatelike 

 hollows in stone slabs, and by mullers of much the same form as 

 hammerstones to go with them. 



Among the miscellaneous implements were grit stones with 

 grooves showing the sharpening of bone implements, a few scrapers, 

 including: a flint knife with one end s])ccialized for scraping, stones 

 apparently used in smoothing i)ottery, net sinkers and stones cracked 

 by heat as if the\' had been used for stone boiling, if one can 

 include these last under implements. 



