THE ARCHEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK 



427 



Among the minerals that have been found in graves and in refuse 

 heaps and which by their condition show use as sources of color pig- 

 ments, may be mentioned the following: sedimentary iron oxide, 

 limonite of iron, hematite, red and yellow ocher, graphite, cannel 

 coal, copper, charcoal, burned bone, clays. 



Paints were much used by the aborigines and were frequently 

 articles of intertribal commerce. After the coming of Europeans 

 much brighter colors were obtained and commanded good prices. 



Pipes, smoking. Pipes have in general been described in another 

 portion of this work (see pages 73-113). Pipes found in New York 

 are of stone, pottery, fossils, bone and wood, and combinations of 

 these materials. Stemmed pipes may be divided into the following 

 classes : tubular, bent tubes, bowls at a slight angle, flat-stemmed 

 bent tubes, monitor or platform, effigy etc. Bowls may be vase- 

 shaped, effigies, ovoid etc. 





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Fig. 62 Onondaga stone pipe with a skin-wrapped handle, suggesting 

 the manner of fastening the stems on heavy bowled pipes of the vase 

 type. The stitching may have suggested the dash decorations found on 

 certain clay pipes, x^ 



The most highly developed art of pipe-making was in the Ohio 

 mound and Iroquoian areas. The mound-building peoples carved 

 fine effigies in stone; the Iroquois modeled similar effigies in clay. 

 When the Iroquois made stone pipes most of them were bowls 

 without stems. Iroquoian stemmed forms seem to copy their clay 

 pipes. On the other hand, certain decorations on the stems of clay 

 pipes seem to resemble the stitching on the skin covering of the 

 wood stem used on stone bowls (see figure 62). The manner of 

 holding the ovoid or vase-shaped bowl, which generally had a large 



