ANATOMICAL MEASUREMENTS. 



251 



and ready application, which has received so many additions from the suggestions 

 of different individuals, that its invention cannot be ascribed to any one person. 

 The original idea, hovsrever, originated v^ith my friend Dr. Turnpenny ; and I 

 have much pleasure in explaining it, inasmuch as it appears to me to supersede 



These embrace all the gradations, from the head of the Negro to the sublime beauty of the ancient 

 Greek models. If we descend below 70° we have an orang outang, or a monkey 5 if we descend still 

 lower we have a dog or a bird— a snipe, for example, of which the facial line is almost parallel with 

 a horizontal plane/^ — {Dissertation sur les difference r kites ^ S^^c, p. 42, &c.) 



Professor Blumenbach has denied that the genuine antique heads present an angle of 95° or 100°, 

 and supposes that such measurements could only be derived from incorrect copies. Dr. Wiseman, on 

 the other hand, remarks, "that whoever will examine the heads of Jupiter in the Vatican Museum, 

 particularly the bust in the large circular hall, or the more defaced heads of the Elgin marbles, will be 

 satisfied that Camper is accurate in this XQS^Qa:^— {Twelve Lectures, fyc, p. 105.) 



Another mode of comparing skulls was devised by Professor Blumenbach, called the norma 

 verticalis, or vertical method; and consists in supporting the head on the lower jaw, and then looking 

 down upon it from above and behind. If, however, several skulls are to be compared, they are to be 

 stood each one on its occiput, the jaw being vertical and resting against a board or other plane surface. 

 To make the comparison complete, the occipital ends should be so elevated as to bring the cheek bones 

 on a line, as in the following diagram, which is copied from Blumenbach.— .(Z?e Generis Humani 

 Var, Nat. p. 204, et tab, 1.) 



The first of these figures represents a Negro head, elongated, and narrow in front, with expanded 

 zygomatic arches, projecting cheek bones, and protruded upper jaw. The second is a Caucasian 

 skull, in which those parts are nearly concealed in the more symmetrical outline of the whole head, and 

 especiaUy by the full development of the frontal region. The third figure is taken from a Mongol 

 head, in which the orbits and cheek bones are exposed, as in the Negro, and the zygomae arched and 

 expanded; but the forehead is much broader, the face more retracted, and the whole cranium larger. 

 Having been at much pains to give the norma verticalis of the skulls figured in this work, the reader 

 will have ample opportunity to compare for himself. He will see that the American head approaches 

 nearest to the Mongol, yet is not so long, is narrower in front, with a more prominent face and much 

 more contracted zygomae. 



