282 CRANIA AMERICANA. 



The number of national crania accessible to any individual is comparatively 

 small, and the conclusions which can be drawn from them must be proportionally 

 imperfect. I, therefore, state the following deductions, not as ascertained scientific 

 results, but as those to w^hich I have been led by such facts as have hitherto fallen 

 under my observation. 



1. The independence of any tribe or nation, that is to say, its freedom from 

 foreign yoke, is the result of a large development of the organs of self-esteem, 

 firmness, and combativeness or destructiveness, in the majority of the people. 



Independence of a foreign yoke may be achieved, firstly^ by submitting to 

 extermination in preference to subjection; or secondly^ by successful self-defence. 



The former (independence maintained at the expense of existence) is the 

 result of a combination in which the organs of self-esteem, firmness, combativeness 

 and destructiveness SiYephis^ and the moral and intellectual organs minus; and the 

 aggregate size of the whole brain is minus, in the nation which is exterminated, 

 compared with that of the nation which attacks it. The Caribs and the Iroquois 

 Indians, (see Plates XXXVII and LXIV,) for example, have never been subdued 

 by the Anglo Saxon race, but have sternly maintained their independence. They, 

 however, have not been able to sustain themselves as independent communities 

 possessing their own territories; but have either been exterminated or removed 

 into distant regions. They have receded before the superior strength, combination, 

 and skill of their invaders, but never bowed the neck and became quietly subject 

 to them. The combination now mentioned occurs in their brains. 



Independence secured by successful self-defence^ is the accompaniment of an 

 aggregate size of brain, animal, moral and intellectual, equal to that of the invading 

 nation. The Araucanians, (Plates LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII,) in South America, 

 and the Swiss in Europe, (Plate LXXL) afford examples of this remark. 



Permanent subjection to a foreign yoke, is the result of an inferior aggregate 

 development of brain, animal, moral and intellectual, in the people subdued, to 

 that possessed by the conquering tribe; but with the moral and intellectual organs 

 larger in the subdued people in proportion to the organs of combativeness, destruc- 

 tiveness and self-esteem, than they exist in tribes which prefer extermination to 

 submission. The Peruvians and Mexicans, subdued by the Spaniards, and the 

 Hindoos subdued by the British in India, afford examples. In them the aggregate 

 size of the whole brain is less than the aggregate size of the whole brain in the 

 Spaniards and English; but in them also the moral and intellectual regions of the 

 brain are larger in proportion to the animal region, than in the Caribs and the 

 Iroquois Indians. The increased size of the moral and intellectual regions in 



