l6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



cocoon usually located in an oval cell under the rough bark of trees. 

 The caterpillars transform to brown, apparently lifeless pupae in 

 late April and early May and the moths commence to emerge and 

 continue to appear throughout the greater part of June. Cool 

 evenings, that is, a temperature below 60°, may delay egg laying 

 considerably. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited largely on 

 the leaves, though under certain conditions, as shown by our observa- 

 tions of last June and July, they may be more abundant on the 

 young fruit. The eggs hatch in about a week and consequently the 

 young apple worms of the first brood may be entering the fruit 

 from early in June, approximately three weeks after the blossoms 

 fall, to the end of the month or even later. Some of these young 

 caterpillars, especially those hatching from late deposited eggs, 

 have the habit of gnawing a small hole in the side of the fruit, excavat- 

 ing a circular gallery with a radius of approximately one-sixteenth 

 of an inch and then deserting this cavity and entering at the blossom 

 end. This appears particularly likely to occur in the western part 

 of the State during late June and early July and is there generally 

 known as " side injury " (see plate i). The caterpillars require 

 about four weeks to complete their growth, at which time they desert 

 the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, spin a cocoon, transform to 

 pupae and in about two weeks, namely the last of July or early in 

 August, another brood of moths may appear. These in turn deposit 

 eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae enter the side of 

 the fruit, especially where two apples touch or a leaf hangs against the 

 apple, as well as at the blossom end. Two broods appear to be the 

 rule in the northern fruit-growing section of the United States, 

 though some investigators claim a third in the southwest. 



EXPERIMENTAL WORK 



Newfane orchard 



Three plots were located in the orchard of W. H. Cowper & Son 

 of Newfane, the farm being managed by E. G. Cowper. The orchard 

 borders upon the Lockport-Olcott trolley line and is composed of 

 Greenings about 35 years old, set approximately 27 by 30 feet apart 

 and about 15 feet high. The orchard is cultivated and is mostly 

 in a very good condition, though the trees are a little close for 

 thoroughly satisfactory spraying. Mr Cowper states that this 

 orchard has received three sprayings annually for the last seven years, 

 the first being the dormant spray, the second just as the blossoms 

 were falling, and the third during the fourth week in July or the first 

 week in August, the two latter . treatments, except last year, being 



