GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 55 



a square mile with altitude up to 1040 feet between i and 2 miles 

 northwest of Hadley hill. 



Wolf pond, in the northwestern corner of the quadrangle, is the 

 shallow remnant of a lake which occupied the whole valley there 

 up to about the 1680 foot level. 



Both Lake Luzerne and the pond (Echo lake) west of Warrens- 

 burg are good examples of kettle-hole lakes; that is, their basins 

 were probably formed by the melting of large blocks of ice which 

 had become more or less buried in the accumulated lake deposits. 



The chain of three lakes — Ef ner, Jenny, and Hunt — occupy 

 basins which resulted from irregular accumulation of glacial drift 

 on high nearly flat ground. 



Drainage Changes 



For the southeastern Adirondacks, it is no exaggeration to say 

 that the larger drainage features have been revolutionized as a 

 result of glaciation.^^ The Luzerne quadrangle lies in the very 

 midst of this area of important drainage changes. The accompany- 

 ing sketch map gives a fair idea of the changes, but the interested 

 reader should refer to the topographic maps of the region. At the 

 southeastern border of the Adirondacks, two prominent valleys 

 extend southward for some miles, one from Northville toward 

 Gloversville, and the other from Corinth toward Saratoga Springs. 

 Each of these valleys is underlain with Paleozoic strata, and each 

 is bounded on the east and west by highlands of hard Precambrian 

 rocks. It is certain that these valleys contained normal preglacial 

 rivers which flowed southward out of the mountains. Now, how- 

 ever, the Sacandaga river enters the northern end of the first named 

 valley only to make a very sharp turn back on its general course 

 to flow across the mountains and into the Hudson river at Luzerne. 

 A preglacial divide was located at Conklingville as is shown by the 

 gorge there; the perfectly graded condition of the valley westward 

 from that place ; and the increasing width of the valley w^estward. 

 This remarkable deflection of the river was caused by the building 

 of a broad morainic blockade across the valley through Gloversville 

 and Broadalbin. 



"This matter has been rather fully discussed by the writer in a paper 

 in Geol. Soc. Amer. Bui. 22, 1911, p. 177-86. 



