REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I917 37 



there being some darker specimens with rather larger black tubercles 

 and lighter ones with somewhat smaller tubercles (figures 7 and 8). 



Distribution. This species is probably widely distributed, since 

 it has been recorded from England, France, Germany, the Balkan 

 Peninsula, Bithynia and west in Asia to Turkestan. The range 

 suggests that the insect can maintain itself over most of the United 

 States and southern Canada. 



This apple pest has become established in New York State in 

 an area, determined in cooperation with Dr G. G. Atwood of the 

 State Department of Farms and Markets, as centering approximately 

 upon Ardsley and Irvington, extending east to White Plains and 

 possibly Mount Kisco, south to Harrison and north to Croton. It 

 also occurs on the west bank of the Hudson river, ranging for a 

 mile or two north and south of Nyack and west to West Nyack. 

 Apparently there is less injury on the west bank of the Hudson, 

 suggesting that the species obtained its foothold on the east bank 

 and from there has been gradually spreading. The probabilities 

 are against the rapid dissemination of this insect, though we have 

 no definite information as to just how long it has been established 

 in this country. 



Life history. It has not been possible to work out the complete 

 life history of this insect under American conditions, though there 

 is no reason for thinking that the moth has departed materially 

 from its habits as recorded in Europe. Mr J. W. Tutt states that 

 adults occur in September and October on flowers of Compositae 

 while William West records capturing specimens among goldenrod. 



The moths and probably pupae hibernate, the former in any 

 shelter such as thatch and the latter in cocoons attached to leaves. 

 The overwintered moths or those issuing from pupae deposit eggs 

 probably when the leaves are partly developed, since Meyrick 

 records larvae as occurring in England during May, June and 

 August. Messrs Gelin and Lucas report them in France in April 

 and September and Rouast in August and September, while Grund 

 records them in Bohemia during June and July and Doctor Reh 

 in Germany during spring and late summer, these data indicating 

 at least two and probably three generations annually. There is 

 considerable variation in development toward the end of the season, 

 at least under American conditions. Full-grown and very small 

 larvae were found simultaneously at Irvington in September and 

 even in early October, a few larvae feeding to the latter part of the 

 month. Larval growth is probably completed within four to six 

 weeks. The type of injury suggests that the moths deposit a few 



