REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I917 49 



Wayne, * Wyoming and Yates, * the injury appearing to be particu- 

 larly evident in those distinguished by a star. 



The earliest evidence of injury to the small apple is a slight 

 exudation accompanied by a local discoloration and hardening. 

 The young fruit is frequently pierced to the core and as growth 

 continues depressions with pithy centers extending deep into the 

 tissue may be noted. There is usually a marked irregularity in 

 the shape of the apple and many of those most seriously affected 

 are dwarfed and drop about midsummer. The earlier signs of 

 infestation are of considerable importance and are indicated by an 

 indistinct reddish brown spotting of the more tender opening or 

 recently unfolded leaves. This discoloration has been compared to 

 the appearance presented after a light dusting with red pepper. It 

 is usually easy to find the small bugs, only one-twenty-fifth of an 

 inch or so in length at this time, near the leaves showing the first 

 signs of attack. As the injured foliage ages the discoloration becomes 

 somewhat darker and after a time the central portion of the more 

 seriously affected tissues may die and drop, leaving an irregular 

 series of reddish brown margined holes in the somewhat crumpled 

 curled leaves, a very characteristic sign of earlier injury. 



It is possible by careful examination to detect the presence of 

 these pests before the fruit has been materially damaged and early 

 and thorough spraying with a tobacco soap preparation is the best 

 remedial treatment. If a general and moderate infestation is sus- 

 pected, it may be sufficient to delay treatment until applying the 

 calyx or codling moth spray and add thereto a tobacco extract 

 (40 per cent nicotine) at the rate of three-quarters of a pint to ioo 

 gallons of spray. Should there be a severe infestation, particularly 

 of the earlier hatching red bug, this will hardly provide adequate 

 protection and it may even pay to give a special treatment just 

 as the blossoms are breaking, using simply a nicotine soap prepa- 

 ration. The delayed dormant spray with nicotine added if held 

 sufficiently late, that is, until the pink of the blossom shows, may 

 make it possible to avoid an extra application, provided conditions 

 permit a treatment of the affected trees within the very limited 

 time when the blossoms are in this condition. 



SMALL FRUIT INSECTS 

 Raspberry Byturus (Byturus unicolor Say). The moder- 

 ately small, yellowish brown beetles appear in raspberry patches 

 early in the season, feeding upon the unfolding leaves or unopened 



