1918] MACCAUGHEY—HAWAIIAN ALGAE 43 
TILDEN, in her “Minnesota algae, vol. I. Myxophyceae of North 
America,” etc., included all available records of Hawaiian species 
and their distribution. In 1911 F. K. Burrers published “Notes 
on the species of Liagora and Galaxaura of the central Pacific” 
(Minn. Bot. Studies 4:161-184). In 1917 the writer published a 
paper on “The seaweeds of Hawaii” (Amer. Jour. Bot. 8:474-479. 
1916). 
The present paper is an effort to coordinate in a somewhat 
comprehensive and systematic form the scattered researches of 
nearly half a century, and to emphasize the ecological aspects of 
the Hawaiian algae. During a residence of ro years in the islands 
the author has had opportunity to visit all of the larger islands, and 
to study the various algae habitats, from dredging operations along 
the reefs at a depth of 20 fathoms, up to the highest summits in the 
archipelago (nearly 14,000 ft.). His studies are incorporated in 
the present paper, but liberal use has been made of the investiga- 
tions of others, particularly those of TrLtpEN, REED, and LEMMER- 
MANN, to whom full credit is given for their pioneer labors. 
Coral reefs 
Because of their conspicuous situation along the coral reefs, 
large size, and economic value to the natives, the algae of the 
marine benthos flora have attracted particular attention. Seventy- 
five species, representing at least 40 genera, were habitually used 
for food by the ancient Hawaiians, and for these the natives had 
distinctive names. 
Notwithstanding the relatively rich alga flora of the coral 
reefs, SCHIMPER’s statement that “in opposition to the terrestrial 
tropical marine vegetation is less luxuriant and apparently less 
tich in forms than is that of the temperate and polar regions”’ 
holds true for the Hawaiian Islands. Moreover, the rockweeds, 
kelps, and laminarias that dominate the coasts of the cold countries 
are conspicuously absent from the Hawaiian flora. The distribu- 
tion of the Hawaiian marine algae is intimately associated with the 
Coastal topography and the development of the coral reefs and 
Shallows. The older islands of the group, which are also the lowest, 
Owing to the combined action of erosion and subsidence, have the 
