> 





1917] GANO— ECOLOGY OF FLORIDA 345 



L., Salvia azurea Lam., Penstemon laevigatas Ait., Gerardia flava L., 

 G. purpurea L., Galium circaezans Michx., Eupatorium coelestinum 

 L., E. aromaticum L., E. album L. ; Liatris scariosa sqtiarrulosa 

 Gray, Chrysopsis mariana Nutt., Gnaphalium purpureum L., and 

 Solidago petiolaris Ait., make a representative list for the short- 

 leaved pine wood. 



The succeeding stage in upland reforestation is that of the 

 oak-hickory forest, in which the characteristic xeromesophytic 

 oaks are dominant. Of these two oaks, Q.falcata Michx. seems the 

 more xerophytic, at least it appears on more exposed and drier 

 situations and soils, and slightly in advance of Q. stellata Wang., 

 the other pioneer oak. But together, these with Carya alba K. Koch 

 dominate the forest which rapidly follows the short-leaved pines. 



With the increasing mesophytic conditions (shade, humus, 

 moisture, bacterial, and fungal development), other oaks (Q. nigra 

 L., Q. laurifolia Michx., and Q. alba L.) appear. Other large trees 

 are Liquidamber Styraciflua L. and Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. The 

 undergrowth is composed of many seedlings of these species and 

 others, with the small trees and shrubs common to the pine forest, 

 as well as more mesophytic species, such as Ostrya virginiana 

 K. Koch, Cercis canadensis L., Aralia spinosa L., and Viburnum 

 rufiditlum Raf . 



The appearance of young, Magnolia grandiflora L. and of Fagus 

 grandifolia caroliniana Fernald and Rehder indicates the approach 

 of the climax and of the transition to the magnolia-beech forest, in 

 which the broad-leaved evergreens and a variety of deciduous trees 

 assemble. 



An undisturbed hammock forest of such mesophytic compo- 

 sition, and apparently representative of the climax capable of 

 development on the uplands, contains abundant magnolias of 

 stately proportions (60-80 ft.), equally large beeches, and Florida 

 sugar maples (A . floridanum Pax or A. saccharum floridanum Sarg.), 

 with intermixed live oaks, white oaks, red oaks (Q. texana Buckley), 

 basket oaks (Q. Michauxii Nutt.), sweet gums, big bud hickories, 

 and dogwood, with a few old and large short-leaved and Cuban 

 pines as relics. The abundance is approximately in the order 

 named, and all may be hung with Spanish moss. The shrubbery of 



