

350 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [may 



better than pines on dry, sterile sand, so that when the pines are 

 removed from such lands, the scrub oaks more quickly take pos- 

 session, while the pines return more slowly and scatteringly. On 

 the other hand, with improved or more mesophytic conditions, the 

 scrub oaks are soon replaced by pines, xeromesophytic oaks, and 



the succeeding mixed forest. 



There seem, therefore, to be two possible phases of succession 

 on the sandy soils. On the more sterile sands, the scrub oaks may 

 be the pioneers before the long-leaved pines; or, if the pines be 

 removed, these oaks may follow, to give place, with improvement 

 of soil and moisture, to xeromesophytic pines and oaks, and then 

 to the oak-hickory forest, leading toward the climax forest sooner 

 or later. But on soil neither excessively drained nor poorly drained, 

 the scrub oaks will accompany the long-leaved pines, yielding, 

 where more mesophytic growth is favored, to the short-leaved 

 pines and their following as outlined. Groves of short-leaved pines 

 are not uncommon within the long-leaved pine association, especially 

 where there may be some admixture of clay, as when the Norfolk 

 sand is in close association with such types of soils as the Orange- 

 burg and Norfolk fine sandy loams. 



The growth of shrubs in these long-leaved pine woods is notice- 

 ably scanty and the species relatively few. The frequent burning 

 over of these woods and their utilization for turpentine no doubt 

 prevent a natural growth from starting. However, the contrast 

 with the short-leaved pine forest on the hills is very great in this 

 respect, and the xerophytic conditions are correspondingly greater; 

 hence succession or the renewal of the forest is delayed. The 

 shrubs noted commonly in the pinewoods on sandy soils are Rhus 

 copallina L., Ceanothus americanus L., Ilex vomitoria Ait., V ac- 

 tinium arboreum Marsh., V. virgatum Ait., V. stamineum L., V. 

 Myrsinites Lam., V \ neglectum Fernald, Leiophyllum buxifohum 

 Ell., Kalmia hirsuta Walt., and Gaylussacia dumosa T. and G-, 

 the Ericaceae being the most numerous. The variety of herbs in 

 these pine forests is striking, many of them being those of the 

 "scrub," the families prominently represented being Compositae, 

 Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Polygalaceae, and 

 Labiatae, chiefly xerophytic species. 



