360 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [may 



Michx.; with also a variety of lianas such as Stnilax Walteri 



Pursh, S. laurifolia L., Berchemia scandens Trel., Trachelospermiim 



difforme Gray, and Aster carolinianus Walt. 



Beyond reach of frequent inundations, in soil enriched by 



accumulation of humus, the most mesophytic stage is reached, and 



the meadow grades into the lowland or river hammock, where a 



mixed forest of many species develops. Fagus grandifolia caro- 



liniana Fernald and Rehder and Magnolia grandiflora L. may 



appear here, with Celtis mississip piensis Bosc, Liriodendron Ttdipi- 



fera L., Halesia Carolina L., H. diptera Ell., Chionanthus virginica 



L., and others, forming rich forests of varying composition 



along the streams. In these forests is an assemblage of meso- 



phytic shrubs, such as Alnus rugosa Spreng., PLamamelis virginiana 



L., Aesculus Pavia L., Styrax spp., and Viburnum spp., with lianas 



and climbing shrubs, such as Decumaria barbara L., Wistaria fru- 



tescens Poir., Sageretia Michauxii Brong., Rhus Toxicodendron L., 



P seder a quinquefolia Greene, Cissus Ampelopsis Pers., Cissus 



arbor ea Des Moulins, Vitis rotundifolia Michx., V. aestivalis 



Michx., Bignonia capreolata L., Tecoma radicans Juss., and the 



mesophytic species of Smilax. Ferns of the swampy or wetter 



soils are Osmitnda spp., Onoclea sensibilis L., and Woodwardia 



spp. Of more mesophytic habit are Aspidium Thelypteris Sw., 



A. patens Sw., and Asplenium Filix-femina Bernh. On the water 



oaks, black gums, and various other trees Phoradendron flavescens 



Nutt. is abundant, and also Tillandsia usneoides L., the ever common 

 epiphyte. 



It is to be noted that the character of a well developed stream 

 or river hammock of the region is quite the same wherever occur- 

 ring and within the boundaries of whatever soils. The telescoping 

 of swamp and hammock complicates the successional phases and is 

 usually extreme, since even slight differences in elevation or drain- 

 age are sufficient to modify- the vegetation extensively. 



Quiet waters.— The so-called " bays' 7 are examples of shallow 

 undrained swamps supporting a more or less dense growth of shrubs 

 or small trees. Magnolia virginiana L., Per sea pubescens Sarg., 

 and P. Borbonia Spreng. are the real "bays," but the list of plants 

 for these boggy ponds includes a variety of other species, as cyrillas, 



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