474 



BOTANICAL GAZETTE 



[JUNE 



extraction in calcium chloride, however. The peanut seed coat 

 became dark brown in color after treatment in saturated calcium 

 chloride. 



TABLE VI 



Effect of extracting membranes with calcium chloride 





Membrane 



Area in sq 

 mm. 





Peanut 



English walnut 



Almond 



Peanut 



50.265 

 19-635 



5°. 265 



Concen- 

 tration of 

 solution 



0.5 M 

 Saturated 



u 



0.5M 



Rate before 



Rate after 



Percentage 



extraction 



extraction 



of increase 



89.17 



117.96 



323 



22.92 



38.43 



67.6 



24. 26 



48.53 



100. 



26.96 



3269 



21.3 



205 • 58 



220.06 



7.0 



Concentra- 

 tion of CaCl 



Saturated 





in 



1 gm. 



259 cc. 



water 

 1 gm. in 



259 cc. 



water 



Microchemical tests 

 membranes were examined microchemically to determ 



the nature of the substances composing them 



the 



effect upon them of the various methods of treatment. Thin 



made 



o 



tome. These sections were 12.5-25 \i thick. The substances 



made 



in 



fen, together with the tests applied 

 Tunmann (6) and of Molisch (4) 



were consulted for directions regarding these tests. 



/< 



chromic 



concentrated sulphuric acid; soluble in 3 per cent alcoholic potash 

 after heating; gives the eerie acid reaction; and stains red with 

 Sudan III. 



Tests for tannins. — Blue color with dilute ferric chloride, and 

 a violet color with o . 1 per cent gold chloride. 



Tests for lipoids. — Soluble in acetone, ether, and hot alcohol; 

 stain red with Sudan III; true fats give crystals when saponified 

 with potassium hydroxide. 



Tests for pectic substances. — Stain red with ruthenium red, and 

 dissolve by treatment with 2 per cent hydrochloric acid followed 

 by 2 per cent potassium hydroxide. 



