282 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [APRIL 
The series of hydrophytic associations begins with plants 
of lakes and pools. Of these in the Tahoe Canadian are present 
about the edge of the basins Nymphaea polysepalum, Callitriche 
verna, Hippuris vulgaris (very abundant in Lily Lake near Glen 
Alpine), and the buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). These plants 
of the open waters in decaying advance the margin of the land into 
the water; in their wake appears Carex spectabilis. The drying 
margin supports a growth of willows (Salix californica, S. Lem- 
monii, and at the higher levels S. sitchensis), while beneath them 
grow Ranunculus flammula reptans, Cheiranthes asper, and in such 
an evironment in one locality was found Botrychium californicum. 
The ultimate end of such an invasion is the filling of the lake 
and beginning of the wet meadow association, which about Lake 
Tahoe in the subalpine includes Sparganium simplex, Sagittaria 
latifolia, Carex aurea, Juncus bufonius, Veratrum californicum, 
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, Ranunculus alismaefolius alismellus 
(continues into Hudsonian and alpine), Hosackia Torreyi, H ypert- 
cum anagalloides, Veronica humifusa, Helenium Bigelovit, and 
allied forms. 
On the drier edge of such swampy meadows are found A gropyron 
divergens, Phleum alpinum, Stipa occidentalis, Tofieldia intermedia, 
Polygonum aviculare, Saxifraga integrifolia sierrae, Frasera speciosa, 
Pedicularis attolens, Arnica mollis, and Erigeron salsuginosus, the 
last being more abundant in similar localities in the Hudsonian. 
About the edge of such meadows and along their drainage channels 
will be found Salix macrocarpa argentea, Cornus pubescens, and 
Alnus tenuifolia, the last a characteristit Canadian shrub of stream 
banks. 
When the drainage has progressed beyond the wet meadow 
stage, such plants as Melica fugax, Phleum pratense, Stipa viridula, 
Allium campanulatum, Calochortus Leichtlinii, Polygonum imbrica- 
tum, P. Kelloggii, Lupinus sellulus, Epilobium brevistylum, Gilta 
Harknessi, G. ciliata, Erigeron Breweri, and Gnaphalium palustre 
appear to be followed by seedlings of the lodge pole pine and the 
ultimate forest phase. ; 
The third distinctive association, that of the fringing vegetatio? 
of stream channels, includes such plants as Habenaria sparsifiora, 
Aconitum columbianum, Aquilegia truncata, Delphinium glaucum, 
