1917] MACCAUGHEY—HAWAIIAN FLORA IOI 
luxuriance and marvelous specialization in many tropical regions, 
have only 3 species in Hawaii, and these are all shy, poor, homely 
little plants."© Pandanus is represented by one species, formerly 
abundant in the lowlands. Freycinetia Arnotti Gaud. is a tall 
woody liana, common in the lower forest zone of all the islands, 
and often forming dense jungles. 
The liliaceous plants of Hawaii are in part woody species; 
none are bulbs, and none have particularly showy flowers. Of the 
Fic. 5.—Lava flow of the smooth or “pa-hoe-hoe” type; shows invasion by 
lichens and ferns; in arid situations lava flows retain a new, fresh appearance for a 
long period of years; under humid conditions they rapidly disintegrate and are soon 
covered with plant life. 
5 genera, 3 are monotypic: Cordyline terminalis, a tall shrub; 
Dracaena aurea, a tree; and Dianella odorata, a large herbaceous 
perennial; all are abundant. Asielia and Smilax are confined to 
the forest and upper zones, and none of the group occur on the 
coastal plains or lowlands. There are no “‘fields of lilies’ in 
Hawaii. Commelina nudiflora is exceedingly abundant in moist 
* MacCavucney, V., The orchids of Hawaii. Plant World 19:350-355. 1916. 
