214 MR. S. MESSENGER BRADLEY UN THE 



means generally of a dolichocephalic character, while in 

 all there is a large admixture of both forms. 



The measurements of Professor Retzius were taken on a 

 level with the glabella in front, and the occipital tuberosity 

 behind — in other words, just along the line which a man's 

 hat takes when placed upon his head. It is owing to this 

 circumstance that I have been able to take a large number 

 of measurements ; for instead of being limited to the skulls 

 collected in various museums (which for obvious reasons 

 are open to the objection that they probably all belonged 

 to people of the lower class, the significance of which cir- 

 cumstance we shall see later on), I have been able to 

 measure the skulls of hundreds of living men with whose 

 nationality and intellectual characters I was acquainted. 

 I was enabled to obtain these measurements owing to 

 the fact that hatters employ an instrument for taking the 

 model of the outline of a man's skull, by which they are 

 guided in shaping his hat. The apparatus is largely 

 employed both in this country and abroad, and is made 

 to adapt itself with perfect accuracy to the scalp. The 

 closely fitting wooden pegs which form the moving part 

 of the machine are connected with a piece of card-board 

 by their inner extremities, which repeats the shape of the 

 head in miniature. 



I have traced the outlines of some of these forms, and 

 wish to point out the most striking facts which they serve 

 to illustrate. It is necessary in limine that I state that 

 although the miniatures strangely exaggerate all the pecu- 

 liarities of a skull, yet they m.ay fairly be compared with 

 each other, and, what is more to the purpose, we can in a 

 moment obtain a correct figure of any skull by running a 

 2-inch gauge completely round the tracing. 



It is further necessary to state that the skull will, of 

 course, be a little (about 2 lines) less than the enlarged 

 tracings indicate, as the scalp is included in these tracings ; 



