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  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  The 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  internal 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  to 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   leading 
  industries, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  lumber 
  industry 
  and 
  the 
  woodpulp 
  

   and 
  paper 
  industry, 
  may 
  be 
  noted. 
  On 
  the 
  Hudson 
  river, 
  from 
  

   1851 
  to 
  1897, 
  inclusive, 
  the 
  total 
  number 
  of 
  logs 
  taken 
  to 
  market 
  

   by 
  water 
  transportation 
  was 
  23,313,585, 
  these 
  market 
  logs 
  fur- 
  

   nishing 
  4,662,717,000 
  feet 
  B. 
  M. 
  of 
  lumber. 
  The 
  cost 
  of 
  driving 
  

   logs 
  from 
  the 
  headwaters 
  of 
  the 
  Hudson 
  to 
  the 
  Big 
  Boom 
  above 
  

   Glens 
  Falls 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  from 
  50 
  to 
  75 
  cents 
  per 
  thousand 
  

   feet 
  B. 
  M. 
  

  

  The 
  wood-pulp 
  and 
  paper 
  industry 
  is 
  developed 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  

   State 
  to 
  a 
  point 
  beyond 
  that 
  reached 
  in 
  any 
  other 
  State 
  of 
  the 
  

   Union. 
  On 
  January 
  1, 
  1900, 
  there 
  were 
  191,117 
  net 
  water 
  horse- 
  

   power 
  in 
  use 
  in 
  the 
  State 
  in 
  the 
  production 
  of 
  mechanical 
  wood- 
  

   pulp, 
  including 
  from 
  30,000 
  to 
  35,000 
  consumed 
  in 
  operating 
  paper 
  

   mills. 
  

  

  One 
  obstacle 
  to 
  the 
  easy 
  operation 
  of 
  water 
  power 
  in 
  this 
  State 
  

   is 
  the 
  formation 
  on 
  many 
  streams 
  of 
  frazil 
  or 
  ancho'r 
  ice. 
  A 
  

   study 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  frazil 
  and 
  anchor 
  ice, 
  as 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  

   Montreal 
  Harbor 
  Commissioners, 
  indicates 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  possible 
  

   to 
  learn 
  in 
  the 
  future 
  how 
  to 
  remedy 
  this 
  difficulty. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  of 
  these 
  interesting 
  questions 
  are 
  discussed 
  in 
  detail 
  

   in 
  the 
  following 
  pages. 
  

  

  The 
  relation 
  of 
  the 
  mountains 
  to 
  the 
  river 
  valleys. 
  Studying 
  

   the 
  hypsography 
  of 
  New 
  York 
  one 
  can 
  not 
  fail 
  to 
  be 
  struck 
  with 
  

   the 
  fact 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  within 
  the 
  boundaries 
  of 
  this 
  State 
  six 
  

   main 
  elevated 
  mountainous 
  or 
  semimountainous 
  regions 
  from 
  

   which 
  waters 
  issue 
  in 
  all 
  directions. 
  In 
  order 
  then 
  to 
  understand 
  

   the 
  river 
  systems 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  we 
  need 
  to 
  briefly 
  consider 
  the 
  

   mountains 
  as 
  appearing 
  in 
  Chautauqua, 
  Cattaraugus, 
  Allegany 
  

   and 
  Steuben 
  counties 
  and 
  extending 
  northward 
  into 
  Erie, 
  

   Wyoming, 
  Livingston, 
  Ontario 
  and 
  Yates 
  counties. 
  The 
  Genesee 
  

   river 
  and 
  the 
  lake 
  system 
  of 
  western 
  New 
  York 
  mostly 
  lie 
  in 
  

   valleys 
  between 
  the 
  spurs 
  of 
  these 
  mountains. 
  On 
  the 
  State 
  line 
  

   between 
  New 
  York 
  and 
  Pennsylvania 
  the 
  higher 
  peaks 
  of 
  the 
  

   Allegheny^ 
  rise 
  to 
  an 
  altitude 
  of 
  over 
  2500 
  feet. 
  North 
  of 
  the 
  

   Allegheny 
  river 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  well-defined 
  plateau, 
  varying 
  in 
  elevation 
  

  

  