﻿1G6 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  paratively 
  narrow 
  bands. 
  The 
  Salina, 
  Lockport, 
  Clinton, 
  and 
  

   Utica 
  formations 
  are 
  all 
  of 
  considerable 
  extent. 
  Both 
  of 
  these 
  

   streams 
  are 
  practically 
  without 
  forests, 
  although 
  slight 
  exception 
  

   to 
  this 
  statement 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  on 
  the 
  extreme 
  headwaters 
  of 
  the 
  

   Genesee 
  river 
  in 
  Pennsylvania, 
  where 
  there 
  is 
  still 
  a 
  small 
  area 
  of 
  

   partially 
  cut 
  forest. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  an 
  interesting 
  circumstance 
  that 
  the 
  geologic 
  formations 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  Genesee 
  and 
  Oswego 
  rivers 
  lie 
  all 
  have 
  a 
  slope 
  to 
  the 
  

   south 
  or 
  southwest 
  of 
  from 
  10 
  to 
  30 
  feet 
  per 
  mile. 
  The 
  main 
  . 
  

   trend 
  of 
  the 
  Genesee 
  river 
  is 
  south 
  and 
  north, 
  while 
  the 
  two 
  main 
  

   branches 
  of 
  Oswego 
  river 
  — 
  Seneca 
  and 
  Oneida 
  — 
  lie 
  east 
  and 
  west. 
  

   The 
  Mohawk 
  also 
  flows 
  from 
  west 
  to 
  east. 
  On 
  this 
  basis 
  the 
  

   Portage, 
  Hamilton, 
  Onondaga, 
  Oriskany, 
  Helderberg, 
  and 
  Salina 
  

   groups 
  lie 
  mostly 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Seneca 
  and 
  Oneida 
  rivers, 
  while 
  a 
  

   portion 
  of 
  the 
  Salina, 
  Niagara, 
  Clinton 
  and 
  Medina 
  groups 
  lie 
  

   mostly 
  to 
  the 
  north. 
  It 
  is 
  interesting, 
  therefore, 
  to 
  speculate 
  as 
  

   to 
  whether 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  considerable 
  water 
  escapes 
  through 
  

   these 
  formations, 
  finally 
  appearing 
  far 
  to 
  the 
  south, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  

   lack 
  of 
  any 
  certain 
  evidence 
  this 
  must 
  be 
  considered 
  as 
  merely 
  a 
  

   speculation. 
  

  

  It 
  may 
  be 
  also 
  noted 
  that 
  for 
  tributaries 
  of 
  the 
  Mohawk 
  river 
  

   lying 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  the 
  stratified 
  formations! 
  — 
  Utica 
  shales, 
  Tren- 
  

   ton 
  group, 
  Calciferous 
  sand 
  rock, 
  etc. 
  — 
  slope 
  toward 
  the 
  stream, 
  

   and 
  hence 
  may 
  be 
  expected, 
  if 
  there 
  is 
  anything 
  in 
  this 
  view, 
  to 
  

   deliver 
  more 
  water 
  than 
  that 
  merely 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  rainfall 
  of 
  the 
  

   catchment 
  as 
  measured 
  on 
  the 
  surface. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Upper 
  Mohawk 
  there 
  is 
  some 
  evidence 
  that 
  this 
  is 
  true. 
  

   The 
  limestones 
  here 
  are 
  open, 
  and 
  at 
  several 
  places 
  streams 
  on 
  the 
  

   surface 
  sink, 
  to 
  reappear, 
  in 
  one 
  case 
  at 
  any 
  rate, 
  with 
  greatly 
  

   increased 
  volume 
  several 
  miles 
  farther 
  down. 
  This 
  condition 
  is 
  

   specially 
  marked 
  on 
  the 
  headwaters 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  Mohawk 
  a 
  few 
  

   miles 
  south 
  of 
  Boonville. 
  Again, 
  at 
  Howe's 
  Cave, 
  in 
  Schoharie 
  

   county, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  large 
  stream 
  of 
  water 
  flowing 
  in 
  the 
  cave 
  which, 
  

   so 
  far 
  as 
  known, 
  does 
  not 
  appear 
  anywhere 
  on 
  the 
  surface. 
  

  

  The 
  Muskingum 
  river 
  may 
  be 
  mentioned. 
  This 
  stream 
  lies 
  in 
  

   the 
  unglaciated 
  region 
  in 
  southeastern 
  Ohio, 
  mostly 
  in 
  the 
  horizon 
  

  

  