﻿HYDROLOGY 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  167 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  Conglomerate 
  group 
  of 
  the 
  Carboniferous. 
  The 
  main 
  Mus- 
  

   kingum 
  river 
  flows 
  generally 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  south, 
  with 
  its 
  main 
  

   branches 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  and 
  west, 
  that 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  going 
  a 
  short 
  dis- 
  

   tance 
  into 
  the 
  Waverly 
  group, 
  which 
  is 
  chiefly 
  sandstone 
  and 
  

   shale, 
  a 
  subdivision 
  of 
  the 
  Carboniferous. 
  The 
  dip 
  is 
  from 
  north 
  

   to 
  south. 
  In 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  extremely 
  low 
  runoff 
  of 
  this 
  stream, 
  it 
  

   seems 
  tolerably 
  evident 
  that 
  there 
  can 
  be 
  no 
  material 
  contribution 
  

   by 
  percolation 
  through 
  these 
  strata. 
  

  

  As 
  other 
  examples 
  of 
  underground 
  flow, 
  the 
  writer 
  niay 
  men- 
  

   tion 
  Toyah 
  creek, 
  in 
  Texas, 
  where 
  a 
  stream 
  of 
  (his 
  recollection 
  is) 
  

   40 
  or 
  50 
  cubic 
  feet 
  per 
  second 
  flows 
  from 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  a 
  mountain 
  

   with 
  no 
  indication 
  as 
  to 
  its 
  source. 
  The 
  well-known 
  streams 
  in 
  

   Mammoth 
  and 
  Luray 
  caves 
  are 
  doubtless 
  familiar 
  to 
  all. 
  There 
  

   are. 
  also 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  river 
  channels 
  in 
  the 
  west 
  where 
  the 
  water 
  

   sinks 
  into 
  the 
  porous 
  soils, 
  to 
  reappear 
  at 
  some 
  point 
  lower 
  dow 
  r 
  n; 
  

   but 
  these 
  are 
  hardly 
  allied 
  to 
  the 
  cases 
  under 
  consideration, 
  

   because 
  the 
  source 
  is 
  here 
  visible. 
  

  

  A 
  stream 
  at 
  Lausanne, 
  Switzerland, 
  may 
  also 
  be 
  mentioned. 
  In 
  

   1872 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  serious 
  epidemic 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  at 
  Lausanne, 
  

   Switzerland, 
  which, 
  on 
  investigation, 
  Avas 
  found 
  to 
  proceed 
  from 
  

   a 
  brook 
  irrigating 
  lands 
  about 
  a 
  mile 
  distant 
  from 
  a 
  public 
  well, 
  

   from 
  Avhich 
  the 
  800 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  the 
  village 
  mostly 
  took 
  their 
  

   water 
  supply. 
  Ten 
  years 
  before, 
  or 
  in 
  1862, 
  a 
  hole 
  had 
  appeared 
  

   in 
  the 
  channel 
  of 
  the 
  brook 
  at 
  a 
  certain 
  point, 
  8 
  feet 
  deep 
  and 
  3 
  

   feet 
  wide, 
  which 
  disclosed 
  at 
  its 
  bottom 
  a 
  running 
  stream, 
  appar- 
  

   ently 
  fed 
  by 
  the 
  brook 
  from 
  a 
  point 
  higher 
  up. 
  The 
  brook 
  itself 
  

   was 
  led 
  into 
  this 
  hole, 
  with 
  the 
  result 
  that 
  the 
  water 
  all 
  disap- 
  

   peared 
  and 
  in 
  an 
  hour 
  or 
  two 
  streamed 
  out 
  at 
  the 
  public 
  well, 
  

   showing 
  a 
  connection 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  suspected 
  for 
  years. 
  On 
  

   refilling 
  the 
  hole 
  the 
  brook 
  returned 
  to 
  its 
  bed. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  epidemic 
  had 
  ceased 
  in 
  1872 
  an 
  investigation 
  was 
  

   held, 
  the 
  hole 
  was 
  reopened 
  and 
  a 
  large 
  quantity 
  of 
  salt 
  thrown 
  

   in; 
  its 
  presence 
  in 
  the 
  public 
  well 
  was 
  easily 
  ascertained 
  by 
  a 
  

   chemical 
  examination. 
  

  

  This 
  case 
  discloses 
  some 
  points 
  of 
  interest. 
  Here 
  was 
  a 
  con- 
  

   siderable 
  stream 
  flowing 
  underground 
  which 
  was 
  easily 
  increased 
  

  

  