﻿432 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  out 
  has 
  been 
  amply 
  repaid. 
  Wherefore, 
  in 
  grateful 
  recognition 
  

   of 
  the 
  eminent 
  services 
  rendered 
  by 
  Colonel 
  Tulla, 
  the 
  original 
  

   promoter 
  of 
  the 
  scheme, 
  a 
  statue 
  has 
  been 
  erected 
  in 
  his 
  honor 
  

   at 
  Maxau 
  on 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  river. 
  

  

  In 
  one 
  respect 
  only 
  has 
  the 
  regulation 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  not 
  ful- 
  

   filled 
  the 
  expectations 
  of 
  its 
  promoters, 
  viz. 
  the 
  extensive 
  sand- 
  

   banks 
  formed 
  at 
  the 
  confluence 
  of 
  its 
  tributaries 
  have 
  rendered 
  

   inter-comimunication 
  with 
  them 
  both 
  difficult 
  and 
  dangerous, 
  

   because 
  these 
  feeders 
  to 
  the 
  main 
  stream 
  enter 
  it 
  across 
  bars 
  

   little 
  more 
  than 
  0.60 
  or 
  1.50 
  metre 
  below 
  low-water 
  level. 
  

  

  Had 
  the 
  hydraulic 
  engineers 
  in 
  1817 
  correctly 
  determined 
  

   the 
  minimum 
  discharge 
  of 
  the 
  Rhine, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  isame 
  time 
  

   anticipated 
  a 
  probable 
  decrease 
  of 
  the 
  same, 
  they 
  would 
  have 
  

   diminished 
  the 
  waterway, 
  and 
  thereby 
  considerably 
  reduced 
  the 
  

   deposit 
  formation 
  of 
  such 
  sandbanks 
  so 
  ithat 
  the 
  channels 
  of 
  

   communication 
  between 
  the 
  Rhine 
  and 
  its 
  tributaries 
  would 
  

   have 
  remained 
  more 
  open 
  to 
  navigation. 
  

  

  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  foregoing 
  general 
  principles, 
  applying 
  more 
  

   particularly 
  to 
  the 
  non-tidal 
  portion 
  of 
  rivers, 
  rivers 
  emptying 
  into 
  

   the 
  sea, 
  or 
  into 
  an 
  arm 
  of 
  the 
  sea, 
  may 
  require 
  special 
  treatment, 
  

   and 
  while, 
  aside 
  from 
  the 
  Hudson 
  river, 
  there 
  are 
  few 
  such 
  in 
  

   this 
  State, 
  and 
  although 
  the 
  improvement 
  of 
  this 
  stream 
  has 
  been 
  

   assumed 
  by 
  the 
  Federal 
  government, 
  nevertheless 
  it 
  is 
  proper 
  to 
  

   briefly 
  consider 
  the 
  general 
  principles 
  governing 
  such 
  an 
  im- 
  

   provement. 
  

  

  Generally 
  speaking, 
  the 
  regulation 
  of 
  rivers 
  flowing 
  into 
  the 
  

   sea 
  is 
  more 
  costly 
  than 
  that 
  hitherto 
  treated 
  of, 
  because 
  the 
  vol- 
  

   ume 
  of 
  water 
  is 
  greater 
  and 
  the 
  yielding 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  silt 
  forming 
  

   the 
  beds 
  and 
  banks, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  violence 
  of 
  the 
  stream 
  and 
  

   force 
  of 
  the 
  waves, 
  render 
  it 
  necessary 
  that 
  whatever 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  

   protection, 
  it 
  shall 
  have 
  solid 
  foundations 
  and 
  be 
  executed 
  in 
  the 
  

   most 
  substantial 
  manner. 
  

  

  The 
  works 
  necessary 
  for 
  the 
  perfect 
  regulation 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  river 
  

   consist 
  of: 
  

  

  1) 
  Rendering 
  the 
  course 
  as 
  nearly 
  straight 
  as 
  possible 
  in 
  order 
  

   to 
  increase 
  the 
  fall. 
  

  

  2) 
  Inclosing 
  the 
  river 
  at 
  or 
  near 
  its 
  outfall 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  dykes 
  

   or 
  jetties, 
  and 
  continuing 
  the 
  same 
  beyond 
  the 
  bar 
  and 
  far 
  enough 
  

   out 
  to 
  sea 
  to 
  enable 
  the 
  current 
  to 
  carry 
  the 
  sand 
  and 
  mud 
  away, 
  

   thus 
  preventing 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  a 
  bar 
  at 
  the 
  mouth. 
  

  

  