﻿868 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  waterpower 
  is 
  indispensable. 
  At 
  least 
  65 
  horsepower 
  per 
  twenty- 
  

   four 
  hours 
  is 
  required 
  to 
  produce 
  a 
  ton 
  of 
  mechanical 
  pulp. 
  

  

  In 
  1900 
  New 
  York 
  ranked 
  first 
  not 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  

   establishments 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  capital 
  invested, 
  but 
  also 
  

   in 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  wage-earners 
  and 
  the 
  wages 
  paid, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  

   the 
  cost 
  of 
  materials 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  product. 
  Massachu- 
  

   setts 
  was 
  second 
  and 
  Maine 
  third, 
  although 
  as 
  we 
  have 
  seen 
  if 
  we 
  

   make 
  the 
  comparison 
  on 
  unit 
  areas, 
  Massachusetts 
  was 
  first. 
  As 
  

   to 
  the 
  different 
  classes 
  of 
  products, 
  New 
  York 
  was 
  first 
  in 
  

   wood 
  pulp, 
  newspaper, 
  wrapping 
  paper 
  and 
  other 
  products 
  not 
  

   specially 
  designated, 
  while 
  Massachusetts 
  was 
  first 
  in 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   duction 
  of 
  bookpaper 
  and 
  fine 
  writing 
  paper. 
  

  

  The 
  principal 
  wood 
  from 
  which 
  paper 
  is 
  made 
  is 
  spruce. 
  It 
  

   forms 
  76 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  wood 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  for 
  

   both 
  mechanical 
  pulp 
  and 
  chemical 
  fiber. 
  Gray 
  pine, 
  white 
  pine, 
  

   white 
  fir, 
  balsam, 
  hemlock 
  and 
  larch 
  are 
  also 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   duction 
  of 
  mechanical 
  pulp 
  and 
  occasionally 
  for 
  chemical 
  pulp. 
  

   The 
  wood 
  chiefly 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  soda 
  process 
  is 
  poplar, 
  although 
  

   aspin, 
  cottonwood 
  and 
  sweet-gum 
  are 
  sometimes 
  used. 
  Cypress 
  

   and 
  several 
  of 
  the 
  preceding 
  timbers 
  are 
  also 
  used 
  for 
  sulphite 
  

   pulp. 
  Beech, 
  silver 
  maple, 
  basswood, 
  white 
  birch 
  and 
  paper 
  birch 
  

   are 
  sometimes 
  used. 
  

  

  The 
  chief 
  processes 
  of 
  reduction 
  to 
  pulp 
  are 
  three 
  in 
  number 
  — 
  

   the 
  mechanical, 
  the 
  soda 
  process 
  and 
  the 
  sulphite 
  process. 
  The 
  

   mechanical 
  process 
  consists 
  in 
  grinding 
  the 
  wood 
  on 
  a 
  grind- 
  

   stone 
  after 
  removing 
  the 
  bark. 
  All 
  the 
  sound 
  wood 
  of 
  the 
  tree 
  

   is 
  used, 
  provided 
  it 
  is 
  free 
  from 
  knots. 
  A 
  cord 
  of 
  spruce 
  wood 
  

   will 
  produce 
  about 
  one 
  ton 
  of 
  pulp. 
  

  

  The 
  soda 
  process 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  solvent 
  action 
  of 
  alkali 
  at 
  

   high 
  temperature. 
  Poplar 
  is 
  the 
  wood 
  chiefly 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  soda 
  

   process, 
  although 
  considerable 
  quantities 
  of 
  pine, 
  spruce 
  and 
  

   hemlock 
  are 
  consumed, 
  while 
  maple, 
  cottonwood, 
  white 
  birch 
  

   and 
  basswood 
  frequently 
  replace 
  poplar. 
  About 
  two 
  cords 
  of 
  

   wood 
  are 
  required 
  to 
  produce 
  one 
  ton 
  of 
  soda 
  pulp. 
  

  

  The 
  sulphite 
  process 
  consists 
  in 
  treating 
  vegetable 
  substances 
  

   with 
  a 
  solution 
  of 
  sulphurous 
  acid, 
  heated 
  in 
  a 
  closed 
  vessel 
  

   under 
  a 
  sufficient 
  pressure 
  to 
  retain 
  the 
  acid 
  gas 
  until 
  the 
  inter- 
  

   cellular 
  matter 
  is 
  dissolved. 
  Any 
  coniferous 
  wood, 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  

  

  